IN 1942, doctors sitting on the Research Council on Problems of Alcohol found themselves powerless to resolve America's confusions about alcoholism. The repeal of Prohibition laws had taken chronic drunkenness off the police blotter, but physicians were unable to claim it as their territory. Instead they were losing out to the temperance-minded clergy and other public scolds who had inspired the introduction of Prohibition.
So the doctors turned to a higher power: Dwight Anderson, head of the National Association of Publicity Directors. Anderson's diagnosis was simple. People, he wrote, wouldn't entrust their drinking problems to the medical profession until doctors persuaded them that alcoholism was a disease. Establish in the public mind that "the alcoholic is a sick man who is exceptionally reactive to alcohol", that he is "not responsible for his condition", Anderson said, and "the 'yes' response [to doctors] becomes automatic, uncritical, and on the emotional level".
Nearly 70 years later, researchers have yet to find a pathogen which proves that addiction is a chronic disease like diabetes or asthma. As Anderson predicted, advertising has trumped science; the "yes response" has become automatic.
Researchers have not yet found a pathogen which proves that addiction is a chronic disease
Now Harvard psychologist Gene Heyman is the latest in a line of critics to challenge the science behind the disease hypothesis. He objects particularly to the assumption that the neurological changes in addicts' brains are causes, rather than symptoms, of addiction. Citing both addicts' accounts and epidemiological studies he shows that addiction remits at nearly double the rate of any other psychiatric illness, and that many addicts give up their habits by age 30 without treatment simply because heavy drug use interferes with their lives. These findings and others, he writes, "suggest that addiction is not a chronic disorder, but a limited and... perhaps, a self-correcting disorder".
While Heyman tacitly objects to Anderson's goal of relieving addicts of responsibility, the book is nearly free of moralising, at least about individual conduct. Drawing from behavioural economics, Heyman shows how the failure to sacrifice short-term gains (getting high) for long-term gains (sobriety-aided productivity) is endemic to a consumer culture, and how important a person's social context is to reining in the penchant for pleasure. This, he argues, explains the effectiveness of Alcoholics Anonymous: it re-socialises addicts, giving them a reason to make the harder choice. Heyman implies that social institutions, particularly those that can guide by example and incentive rather than by precept, are crucial to preventing and "treating" addiction.
Heyman may accept the Protestant work ethic uncritically, but his approach is refreshing, avoiding false dilemmas about free will and biological determinism. The book suffers, however, from its detached, graphs-and-charts approach. Even the first-person stories seem desiccated compared with what any doctor, friend or relative has heard from a struggling addict.
This is not only a problem of audience appeal - Heyman's turgid style will lose most non-academic readers immediately - but of argument. Heyman assumes that rationality will carry the day. But as Anderson knew, when it comes to a problem like addiction, which, in a society founded on free will, is mysterious, frightening and even subversive, rhetoric is more persuasive than reason.
by : Gene Heyman
DBC NETWORK KERJA DIRUMAH PENGHASILAN LUAR BIASA
Selasa, 18 Agustus 2009
drug rehab - by mouth: smokeless tobacco risks multiply
The discovery of a new range of cancer-causing chemicals in smokeless tobacco has backed up advice that it's not a "safe" alternative to cigarettes.
Called polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the chemicals contaminate smoke from cigarettes and wood fires, but were assumed to be absent from smokeless tobacco products such as moist snuff because users hold it in their mouths – between lip and gum – rather than burning it.
Now researchers have found that popular moist snuff products on sale in the US contain at least 22 PAHs, probably because the tobacco is exposed to wood smoke during its curing process.
Moist snuff, also called snus, is mostly used in North America and Scandinavia, but is banned from sale in all European Union countries except Sweden.
Five pack
A typical dose of moist snuff has the same PAH content as five cigarettes, said Irina Stepanov of the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis as she presented the findings at the annual meeting of the American Chemical Society on 16 August in Washington DC.
Moist snuff consumption, which doubled in the US between 1986 and 2005, has been linked with increased risks of mouth and pancreatic cancers. The PAHs add to 28 cancer-causing chemicals including nicotine and nitrosamines previously identified in the snuff.
"The use of smokeless tobacco carries very serious risks and the new findings on PAH levels underscore this," says David Hammond of the University of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada, who monitors the safety of tobacco products. He warns, however, that smoke from cigarettes remains the biggest tobacco-related cancer risk.
http://www.newscientist.com/
Called polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the chemicals contaminate smoke from cigarettes and wood fires, but were assumed to be absent from smokeless tobacco products such as moist snuff because users hold it in their mouths – between lip and gum – rather than burning it.
Now researchers have found that popular moist snuff products on sale in the US contain at least 22 PAHs, probably because the tobacco is exposed to wood smoke during its curing process.
Moist snuff, also called snus, is mostly used in North America and Scandinavia, but is banned from sale in all European Union countries except Sweden.
Five pack
A typical dose of moist snuff has the same PAH content as five cigarettes, said Irina Stepanov of the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis as she presented the findings at the annual meeting of the American Chemical Society on 16 August in Washington DC.
Moist snuff consumption, which doubled in the US between 1986 and 2005, has been linked with increased risks of mouth and pancreatic cancers. The PAHs add to 28 cancer-causing chemicals including nicotine and nitrosamines previously identified in the snuff.
"The use of smokeless tobacco carries very serious risks and the new findings on PAH levels underscore this," says David Hammond of the University of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada, who monitors the safety of tobacco products. He warns, however, that smoke from cigarettes remains the biggest tobacco-related cancer risk.
http://www.newscientist.com/
drug rehab - Drug Rehab
Drug rehabilitation also known as drug rehab or just rehab is the term used for the processes of psychotherapeutic or medical treatment, for addiction of psychoactive substances like prescription drugs, alcohol and street drugs such as amphetamines, heroin and cocaine.
Drug RehabThe general purpose behind this process is to enable the patient to discontinue the excessive or improper use of substance, in order to avoid legal, social, financial, physical, and psychological consequences, which can be caused, specially by extreme abuse.
Drug rehabilitation addresses two types of drug dependencies, one of them is psychological dependency and other one is physical dependency.
Psychological Dependency
Psychological dependency is used in various drug rehabilitation programs to teach patient new methods of serviving in a drug free environment. The patient should not to associate with his friends who are still using the addictive substance. There is a twelve step program that helps patient to stop use of alcohol and other drugs also it helps to examine and change their habits related to their addictions.
Physical Dependency
Physical dependency includes removal of a toxic substance, such as a drug or alcohol from the body to cope with withdrawal symptoms from daily drug usage. The daily or regular use of many drugs, the brain slowly started to adapt the presence of the drug so that the desired effect is minimal.
Many people in the world can become addicted to various drugs for a variety of reasons. Some of the most addictive drugs are cocaine, heroin, crack cocaine, amphetamines (uppers) and nicotine. Normal functioning of the user may be observed, despite being under the influence of the drug. It is also explained that why large amount of drug is needed to get the same effect with regular use. The sudden stopping of drug use can lead to withdrawal symptoms and the body may take weeks or months to return to normal.
There are various drug rehabilitation centers which help drug abusers to get rid from their addiction. As drug addiction is the major problem that will not go away, the rehab centers are located in each and every city and town.
Drug Addiction There are different types of treatment offered by drug rehab centers. Most of these drug rehab centers stress drug awareness education, treatment and counseling, Other centers concentrate on positive mental attitude and proper nutrition. There are different programs depending on the length of onsite and outpatient treatment also cost is another factor to be consider.
An on site inpatient program is recommended by various drug rehabs as it is the initial step in the recovery process. The patient eats and sleep at the impatient program. Within just 28-day impatient program, many drug abusers experience a relief form drug usage they have not in many months or years.
After the completion of an impatient program, about each facility recommends an outpatient or aftercare programs. In such a program the drug user continues to meet an individual and group concealing at a local facility 2 - 3 times a week. During the recovery process, care is necessary to keep an addict on course.
After impatient care, the recovered drug addict often grow nervous when he returned to their daily environment, which led him to the drug usage. The after care counseling helps patient to overcome their anxiety and fear problems and continues to supply tools that are required by an addict for completion of his or her recovery.
http://www.rehabilitations.org
Drug RehabThe general purpose behind this process is to enable the patient to discontinue the excessive or improper use of substance, in order to avoid legal, social, financial, physical, and psychological consequences, which can be caused, specially by extreme abuse.
Drug rehabilitation addresses two types of drug dependencies, one of them is psychological dependency and other one is physical dependency.
Psychological Dependency
Psychological dependency is used in various drug rehabilitation programs to teach patient new methods of serviving in a drug free environment. The patient should not to associate with his friends who are still using the addictive substance. There is a twelve step program that helps patient to stop use of alcohol and other drugs also it helps to examine and change their habits related to their addictions.
Physical Dependency
Physical dependency includes removal of a toxic substance, such as a drug or alcohol from the body to cope with withdrawal symptoms from daily drug usage. The daily or regular use of many drugs, the brain slowly started to adapt the presence of the drug so that the desired effect is minimal.
Many people in the world can become addicted to various drugs for a variety of reasons. Some of the most addictive drugs are cocaine, heroin, crack cocaine, amphetamines (uppers) and nicotine. Normal functioning of the user may be observed, despite being under the influence of the drug. It is also explained that why large amount of drug is needed to get the same effect with regular use. The sudden stopping of drug use can lead to withdrawal symptoms and the body may take weeks or months to return to normal.
There are various drug rehabilitation centers which help drug abusers to get rid from their addiction. As drug addiction is the major problem that will not go away, the rehab centers are located in each and every city and town.
Drug Addiction There are different types of treatment offered by drug rehab centers. Most of these drug rehab centers stress drug awareness education, treatment and counseling, Other centers concentrate on positive mental attitude and proper nutrition. There are different programs depending on the length of onsite and outpatient treatment also cost is another factor to be consider.
An on site inpatient program is recommended by various drug rehabs as it is the initial step in the recovery process. The patient eats and sleep at the impatient program. Within just 28-day impatient program, many drug abusers experience a relief form drug usage they have not in many months or years.
After the completion of an impatient program, about each facility recommends an outpatient or aftercare programs. In such a program the drug user continues to meet an individual and group concealing at a local facility 2 - 3 times a week. During the recovery process, care is necessary to keep an addict on course.
After impatient care, the recovered drug addict often grow nervous when he returned to their daily environment, which led him to the drug usage. The after care counseling helps patient to overcome their anxiety and fear problems and continues to supply tools that are required by an addict for completion of his or her recovery.
http://www.rehabilitations.org
drug rehab - Rehab
What is rehab or rehabilitation?
Rehab (short form of rehabilitation) is a generic term for various processes involved in restoration of, or improving the health of a person with clinical or vocational (or both) services. In Latin, "habilitas" means "to make able". So its an overall process of recovery from some specific health problem like drug addiction, alcohol adiction etc.
Rehab
This website provides information on various types of rehab available for different types of addictions, for example drug rehab, alcohol rehab, cardiac rehab, vocational rehab, teen rehab, brain rehab etc.
So whether you are looking for information on rehab in general or some specific type, just checkout our left hand side links and we are sure that you will find the information you are looking.
You may recover slowly, after a serious injury, surgery or illness. There is need to regain your strength and other skills or find some new ways to do things you did before.
Rehabilitation mainly focuses on functions. Functioning properly is the key to regaining and maintaining independence and life quality, after the illness or injury.
Starting rehabilitation at earlier will help you doing functions and increase your chances of returning to your previous level of functioning as much as possible.
Rehabilitation process includes:
* Occupational therapy to help you with your daily activities
* Physical therapy to help your strength, mobility and fitness
* Treatment of pain
Rehabilitation The type and goals of therapy maybe different for different people. For example, the goal of a younger person who has suffered a heart attack is to return to work and normal activities. While an older person has had a stroke, only wants to dress or bathe without help.
Rehabilitation can take place in many types of settings:
* special units in acute care hospitals or rehabilitation hospitals
* outpatient centers
* nursing facilities
* private offices
* homes
Rehab Centers
Whether you are looking for rehab centers for some particular type of rehab or you are looking for a rehab center near your city or place, then this rehab center directory will provide information on all rehab centers with detail information.
Rehab (short form of rehabilitation) is a generic term for various processes involved in restoration of, or improving the health of a person with clinical or vocational (or both) services. In Latin, "habilitas" means "to make able". So its an overall process of recovery from some specific health problem like drug addiction, alcohol adiction etc.
Rehab
This website provides information on various types of rehab available for different types of addictions, for example drug rehab, alcohol rehab, cardiac rehab, vocational rehab, teen rehab, brain rehab etc.
So whether you are looking for information on rehab in general or some specific type, just checkout our left hand side links and we are sure that you will find the information you are looking.
You may recover slowly, after a serious injury, surgery or illness. There is need to regain your strength and other skills or find some new ways to do things you did before.
Rehabilitation mainly focuses on functions. Functioning properly is the key to regaining and maintaining independence and life quality, after the illness or injury.
Starting rehabilitation at earlier will help you doing functions and increase your chances of returning to your previous level of functioning as much as possible.
Rehabilitation process includes:
* Occupational therapy to help you with your daily activities
* Physical therapy to help your strength, mobility and fitness
* Treatment of pain
Rehabilitation The type and goals of therapy maybe different for different people. For example, the goal of a younger person who has suffered a heart attack is to return to work and normal activities. While an older person has had a stroke, only wants to dress or bathe without help.
Rehabilitation can take place in many types of settings:
* special units in acute care hospitals or rehabilitation hospitals
* outpatient centers
* nursing facilities
* private offices
* homes
Rehab Centers
Whether you are looking for rehab centers for some particular type of rehab or you are looking for a rehab center near your city or place, then this rehab center directory will provide information on all rehab centers with detail information.
drug rehab - Cocaine: Abuse and Addiction
What is Cocaine?
Cocaine is a powerfully addictive stimulant that directly affects the brain. Cocaine was labeled the drug of the 1980s and 1990s because of its extensive popularity and use during that period. However, cocaine is not a new drug. In fact, it is one of the oldest known psychoactive substances. Coca leaves, the source of cocaine, have been chewed and ingested for thousands of years, and the purified chemical, cocaine hydrochloride, has been an abused substance for more than 100 years. In the early 1900s, for example, purified cocaine was the main active ingredient in most of the tonics and elixirs that were developed to treat a wide variety of illnesses.
Pure cocaine was originally extracted from the leaf of the Erythroxylon coca bush, which grew primarily in Peru and Bolivia. After the 1990s, and following crop reduction efforts in those countries, Colombia became the nation with the largest cultivated coca crop. Today, cocaine is a Schedule II drug, which means that it has high potential for abuse but can be administered by a doctor for legitimate medical uses, such as local anesthesia for some eye, ear, and throat surgeries.
Cocaine is generally sold on the street as a fine, white, crystalline powder and is also known as “coke,” “C,” “snow,” “flake,” or “blow.” Street dealers generally dilute it with inert substances such as cornstarch, talcum powder, or sugar, or with active drugs such as procaine (a chemically related local anesthetic) or amphetamine (another stimulant). Some users combine cocaine with heroin—in what is termed a “speedball.”
There are two chemical forms of cocaine that are abused: the water-soluble hydrochloride salt and the water-insoluble cocaine base (or freebase). When abused, the hydrochloride salt, or powdered form of cocaine, can be injected or snorted. The base form of cocaine has been processed with ammonia or sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) and water, and then heated to remove the hydrochloride to produce a smokable substance. The term “crack,” which is the street name given to freebase cocaine, refers to the crackling sound heard when the mixture is smoked.
What Is the Scope of Cocaine Use in the United States?
The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) estimates that in 2007 there were 2.1 million current (past-month) cocaine users, of which approximately 610,000 were current crack users. Adults aged 18 to 25 years have a higher rate of current cocaine use than any other age group, with 1.7 percent of young adults reporting past month cocaine use. Overall, men report higher rates of current cocaine use than women. Ethnic/ racial differences also occur—with the highest rates in those reporting two or more races (1.1 percent), followed by Hispanics (1.0 percent), Whites (0.9 percent), and African-Americans (0.8 percent).
The 2008 Monitoring the Future survey, which annually surveys teen attitudes and drug use, reports that while there has been a significant decline in the 30-day prevalence of powder cocaine use among 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-graders from its peak use in the late 1990s, there was no significant change in current cocaine use from 2001 to 2008; however, crack use declined significantly during this timeframe among 8th- and 12th-graders.
Repeated cocaine use can produce addiction and other adverse health consequences. In 2007, according to the NSDUH, nearly 1.6 million Americans met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders criteria for dependence or abuse of cocaine (in any form) in the past 12 months. Further, data from the 2005 Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) report showed that cocaine was involved in 448,481 of the total 1,449,154 visits to emergency departments for drug misuse or abuse. This translates to almost one in three drug misuse or abuse emergency department visits (31 percent) that involved cocaine.
Cocaine is a powerfully addictive stimulant that directly affects the brain. Cocaine was labeled the drug of the 1980s and 1990s because of its extensive popularity and use during that period. However, cocaine is not a new drug. In fact, it is one of the oldest known psychoactive substances. Coca leaves, the source of cocaine, have been chewed and ingested for thousands of years, and the purified chemical, cocaine hydrochloride, has been an abused substance for more than 100 years. In the early 1900s, for example, purified cocaine was the main active ingredient in most of the tonics and elixirs that were developed to treat a wide variety of illnesses.
Pure cocaine was originally extracted from the leaf of the Erythroxylon coca bush, which grew primarily in Peru and Bolivia. After the 1990s, and following crop reduction efforts in those countries, Colombia became the nation with the largest cultivated coca crop. Today, cocaine is a Schedule II drug, which means that it has high potential for abuse but can be administered by a doctor for legitimate medical uses, such as local anesthesia for some eye, ear, and throat surgeries.
Cocaine is generally sold on the street as a fine, white, crystalline powder and is also known as “coke,” “C,” “snow,” “flake,” or “blow.” Street dealers generally dilute it with inert substances such as cornstarch, talcum powder, or sugar, or with active drugs such as procaine (a chemically related local anesthetic) or amphetamine (another stimulant). Some users combine cocaine with heroin—in what is termed a “speedball.”
There are two chemical forms of cocaine that are abused: the water-soluble hydrochloride salt and the water-insoluble cocaine base (or freebase). When abused, the hydrochloride salt, or powdered form of cocaine, can be injected or snorted. The base form of cocaine has been processed with ammonia or sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) and water, and then heated to remove the hydrochloride to produce a smokable substance. The term “crack,” which is the street name given to freebase cocaine, refers to the crackling sound heard when the mixture is smoked.
What Is the Scope of Cocaine Use in the United States?
The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) estimates that in 2007 there were 2.1 million current (past-month) cocaine users, of which approximately 610,000 were current crack users. Adults aged 18 to 25 years have a higher rate of current cocaine use than any other age group, with 1.7 percent of young adults reporting past month cocaine use. Overall, men report higher rates of current cocaine use than women. Ethnic/ racial differences also occur—with the highest rates in those reporting two or more races (1.1 percent), followed by Hispanics (1.0 percent), Whites (0.9 percent), and African-Americans (0.8 percent).
The 2008 Monitoring the Future survey, which annually surveys teen attitudes and drug use, reports that while there has been a significant decline in the 30-day prevalence of powder cocaine use among 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-graders from its peak use in the late 1990s, there was no significant change in current cocaine use from 2001 to 2008; however, crack use declined significantly during this timeframe among 8th- and 12th-graders.
Repeated cocaine use can produce addiction and other adverse health consequences. In 2007, according to the NSDUH, nearly 1.6 million Americans met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders criteria for dependence or abuse of cocaine (in any form) in the past 12 months. Further, data from the 2005 Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) report showed that cocaine was involved in 448,481 of the total 1,449,154 visits to emergency departments for drug misuse or abuse. This translates to almost one in three drug misuse or abuse emergency department visits (31 percent) that involved cocaine.
drug rehab - Cocaine: Abuse and Addiction
Cocaine abuse and addiction continue to plague our Nation. Today, about one in six Americans (15 percent in 2007) has tried cocaine by the age of 30, and 7 percent have tried it by their senior year of high school. But recent discoveries about the inner workings of the brain and the damaging effects of cocaine offer us unprecedented opportunities for addressing this persistent public health problem.
Genetic studies are providing critical information about the hereditary influences on the risk of addiction to psychoactive substances, including cocaine. Moreover, sophisticated imaging technologies have allowed scientists to visualize the brain changes that result from chronic drug exposure or that happen when an addicted person is exposed to drug-associated "cues" that can trigger craving and lead to relapse. By mapping the genetic factors and brain regions responsible for the multiple effects of cocaine, these new technologies can help us identify new targets for treating cocaine addiction.
NIDA remains vigilant in our quest for more effective strategies to address the serious public health issues linked to cocaine abuse. We not only support a wide range of basic and clinical research, but also facilitate the translation of these research findings into real-world settings. To this end, we strive to keep the public informed of the latest scientific advances in the field of addiction. We hope that this compilation of scientific information on cocaine abuse will inform readers and bolster our efforts to tackle the personal and social devastation caused by drug abuse and addiction.
Nora D. Volkow, M.D.
Director
National Institute on Drug Abuse
Genetic studies are providing critical information about the hereditary influences on the risk of addiction to psychoactive substances, including cocaine. Moreover, sophisticated imaging technologies have allowed scientists to visualize the brain changes that result from chronic drug exposure or that happen when an addicted person is exposed to drug-associated "cues" that can trigger craving and lead to relapse. By mapping the genetic factors and brain regions responsible for the multiple effects of cocaine, these new technologies can help us identify new targets for treating cocaine addiction.
NIDA remains vigilant in our quest for more effective strategies to address the serious public health issues linked to cocaine abuse. We not only support a wide range of basic and clinical research, but also facilitate the translation of these research findings into real-world settings. To this end, we strive to keep the public informed of the latest scientific advances in the field of addiction. We hope that this compilation of scientific information on cocaine abuse will inform readers and bolster our efforts to tackle the personal and social devastation caused by drug abuse and addiction.
Nora D. Volkow, M.D.
Director
National Institute on Drug Abuse
drug rehab - Signs and symptoms of bipolar disorder
The symptoms of bipolar disorder vary widely from person to person, with unpredictable differences in their pattern, severity, and frequency. Some people are more prone to either mania or depression, while others alternate equally between the two types of episodes. Some have frequent mood disruptions, while others experience only a few over a lifetime.
The four types of mood episodes (Mania, Hypomania, Depression, Mixed episode) each has a unique set of symptoms.
Signs and symptoms of mania
In the manic phase of bipolar disorder, feelings of heightened energy, creativity, and euphoria are common. People experiencing a manic episode often talk a mile a minute, sleep very little, and are hyperactive. They may also feel like they’re all-powerful, invincible, or destined for greatness.
But while mania feels good at first, it has a tendency to spiral out of control. People often behave recklessly during a manic episode: gambling away savings, engaging in inappropriate sexual activity, or making foolish business investments, for example. They may also become angry, irritable, and aggressive – picking fights, lashing out when others don’t go along with their plans, and blaming anyone who criticizes their behavior. Some people even become delusional or start hearing voices.
Hypomania symptoms
Hypomania is a less severe form of mania. People in a hypomanic state feel euphoric, energetic, and productive, but they are able to carry on with their day-to-day lives and they never lose touch with reality. To others, it may seem as if people with hypomania are merely in an unusually good mood. However, hypomania can result in bad decisions that harm relationships, careers, and reputations. In addition, hypomania often escalates to full-blown mania or is followed by a major depressive episode.
Common signs and symptoms of mania include:
* Feeling unusually “high” and optimistic OR extremely irritable
* Unrealistic, grandiose beliefs about one’s abilities or powers
* Sleeping very little, but feeling extremely energetic
* Talking so rapidly that others can’t keep up
* Racing thoughts; jumping quickly from one idea to the next
* Highly distractible, unable to concentrate
* Impaired judgment and impulsiveness
* Acting recklessly without thinking about the consequences
* Delusions and hallucinations (in severe cases)
Signs and symptoms of bipolar depression
In the past, bipolar depression was lumped in with regular depression. But a growing body of research suggests that there are significant differences between the two, especially when it comes to recommended treatments. Most people with bipolar depression are not helped by antidepressants. In fact, there is a risk that antidepressants can make bipolar disorder worse – triggering mania or hypomania, causing rapid cycling between mood states, or interfering with other mood stabilizing drugs.
Despite many similarities, certain symptoms are more common in bipolar depression than in regular depression. For example, bipolar depression is more likely to involve irritability, guilt, unpredictable mood swings, and feelings of restlessness. People with bipolar depression also tend to move and speak slowly, sleep a lot, and gain weight. In addition, they are more likely to develop psychotic depression – a condition in which they’ve lost contact with reality – and to experience major disability in work and social functioning.
Common symptoms of bipolar depression include:
* Feeling hopeless, sad, or empty.
* Irritability
* Inability to experience pleasure
* Fatigue or loss of energy
* Physical and mental sluggishness
* Appetite or weight changes
* Sleep problems
* Concentration and memory problems
* Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
* Thoughts of death or suicide
The four types of mood episodes (Mania, Hypomania, Depression, Mixed episode) each has a unique set of symptoms.
Signs and symptoms of mania
In the manic phase of bipolar disorder, feelings of heightened energy, creativity, and euphoria are common. People experiencing a manic episode often talk a mile a minute, sleep very little, and are hyperactive. They may also feel like they’re all-powerful, invincible, or destined for greatness.
But while mania feels good at first, it has a tendency to spiral out of control. People often behave recklessly during a manic episode: gambling away savings, engaging in inappropriate sexual activity, or making foolish business investments, for example. They may also become angry, irritable, and aggressive – picking fights, lashing out when others don’t go along with their plans, and blaming anyone who criticizes their behavior. Some people even become delusional or start hearing voices.
Hypomania symptoms
Hypomania is a less severe form of mania. People in a hypomanic state feel euphoric, energetic, and productive, but they are able to carry on with their day-to-day lives and they never lose touch with reality. To others, it may seem as if people with hypomania are merely in an unusually good mood. However, hypomania can result in bad decisions that harm relationships, careers, and reputations. In addition, hypomania often escalates to full-blown mania or is followed by a major depressive episode.
Common signs and symptoms of mania include:
* Feeling unusually “high” and optimistic OR extremely irritable
* Unrealistic, grandiose beliefs about one’s abilities or powers
* Sleeping very little, but feeling extremely energetic
* Talking so rapidly that others can’t keep up
* Racing thoughts; jumping quickly from one idea to the next
* Highly distractible, unable to concentrate
* Impaired judgment and impulsiveness
* Acting recklessly without thinking about the consequences
* Delusions and hallucinations (in severe cases)
Signs and symptoms of bipolar depression
In the past, bipolar depression was lumped in with regular depression. But a growing body of research suggests that there are significant differences between the two, especially when it comes to recommended treatments. Most people with bipolar depression are not helped by antidepressants. In fact, there is a risk that antidepressants can make bipolar disorder worse – triggering mania or hypomania, causing rapid cycling between mood states, or interfering with other mood stabilizing drugs.
Despite many similarities, certain symptoms are more common in bipolar depression than in regular depression. For example, bipolar depression is more likely to involve irritability, guilt, unpredictable mood swings, and feelings of restlessness. People with bipolar depression also tend to move and speak slowly, sleep a lot, and gain weight. In addition, they are more likely to develop psychotic depression – a condition in which they’ve lost contact with reality – and to experience major disability in work and social functioning.
Common symptoms of bipolar depression include:
* Feeling hopeless, sad, or empty.
* Irritability
* Inability to experience pleasure
* Fatigue or loss of energy
* Physical and mental sluggishness
* Appetite or weight changes
* Sleep problems
* Concentration and memory problems
* Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
* Thoughts of death or suicide
drug rehab - Understanding Bipolar Disorder
We all have our ups and downs, our "off" days and our "on" days, but if you're suffering from bipolar disorder, these peaks and valleys are more severe. The symptoms of bipolar disorder can hurt your job and school performance, damage your relationships, and disrupt your daily life. And although bipolar disorder is treatable, many people don’t recognize the warning signs and get the help they need. Since bipolar disorder tends to worsen without treatment, it’s important to learn what the symptoms look like. Recognizing the problem is the first step to getting it under control.
What is bipolar disorder?
Learn about bipolar disorderLearn about bipolar disorder
* Treatment
* Self-Help
* Medication
* Helping a Loved One
Bipolar disorder (also known as manic depression) causes serious shifts in a person’s mood, energy, thinking, and behavior – from the highs of mania on one extreme, to the lows of depression on the other. More than just a fleeting good or bad mood, the cycles of bipolar disorder last for days, weeks, or months. And unlike ordinary mood swings, the mood changes of bipolar disorder are so intense that they interfere with your ability to function.
During a manic episode, a person might impulsively quit a job, charge up huge amounts on credit cards, or feel rested after sleeping two hours. During a depressive episode, the same person might be too tired to get out of bed and full of self-loathing and hopelessness over being unemployed and in debt.
Bipolar disorder is more common than many think, affecting nearly 3 out of every 100 adults in the U.S according to the National Institutes of Mental Health. Its causes aren’t completely understood, but bipolar disorder often runs in families.
The first manic or depressive episode of bipolar disorder usually occurs in the teenage years or early adulthood. The symptoms can be subtle and confusing, so many people with bipolar disorder are overlooked or misdiagnosed – resulting in unnecessary suffering. But with proper treatment and support, you can lead a rich and fulfilling life.
What is bipolar disorder?
Learn about bipolar disorderLearn about bipolar disorder
* Treatment
* Self-Help
* Medication
* Helping a Loved One
Bipolar disorder (also known as manic depression) causes serious shifts in a person’s mood, energy, thinking, and behavior – from the highs of mania on one extreme, to the lows of depression on the other. More than just a fleeting good or bad mood, the cycles of bipolar disorder last for days, weeks, or months. And unlike ordinary mood swings, the mood changes of bipolar disorder are so intense that they interfere with your ability to function.
During a manic episode, a person might impulsively quit a job, charge up huge amounts on credit cards, or feel rested after sleeping two hours. During a depressive episode, the same person might be too tired to get out of bed and full of self-loathing and hopelessness over being unemployed and in debt.
Bipolar disorder is more common than many think, affecting nearly 3 out of every 100 adults in the U.S according to the National Institutes of Mental Health. Its causes aren’t completely understood, but bipolar disorder often runs in families.
The first manic or depressive episode of bipolar disorder usually occurs in the teenage years or early adulthood. The symptoms can be subtle and confusing, so many people with bipolar disorder are overlooked or misdiagnosed – resulting in unnecessary suffering. But with proper treatment and support, you can lead a rich and fulfilling life.
drug rehab - Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
Drinking alcohol is woven into the social fabric of our culture, and indeed many people enjoy the social and cultural connection of sharing a drink together. However, because drinking is so common in our society, realizing you or a loved one has a drinking problem can be a challenge. The consequences of alcohol abuse are serious. Alcohol abuse causes extensive damage to your health, your loved ones, and society. It results in thousands of innocent deaths each year, and exacerbates situations involving violent crimes and domestic violence. Learn about alcoholism signs and symptoms, what you can do, and how you can help a loved one.
What is alcohol abuse?
Social drinking is common and popular is many cultures all over the world. In several cultures, for example, a glass of wine or beer with a meal is common practice. Celebrations are often punctuated with a glass of champagne or other celebratory cocktail. And in many jobs, going out for drinks after work or entertaining clients with alcohol is the norm.
The difference between social drinking and alcohol abuse is when alcohol becomes your focus. You might only want to attend social events that involve alcohol, or you can’t enjoy yourself. Getting to the bar, or making a drink after coming home from work becomes more important than connecting with friends or family. Alcohol might be your way to avoid painful feelings or troubled relationships. And you might resort to dangerous behavior, like driving while drunk or even increased violent behavior. Increased dependence on alcohol leads to alcoholism, where you are physically dependant on alcohol and have lost control of the amount you drink.
What is alcohol abuse?
Social drinking is common and popular is many cultures all over the world. In several cultures, for example, a glass of wine or beer with a meal is common practice. Celebrations are often punctuated with a glass of champagne or other celebratory cocktail. And in many jobs, going out for drinks after work or entertaining clients with alcohol is the norm.
The difference between social drinking and alcohol abuse is when alcohol becomes your focus. You might only want to attend social events that involve alcohol, or you can’t enjoy yourself. Getting to the bar, or making a drink after coming home from work becomes more important than connecting with friends or family. Alcohol might be your way to avoid painful feelings or troubled relationships. And you might resort to dangerous behavior, like driving while drunk or even increased violent behavior. Increased dependence on alcohol leads to alcoholism, where you are physically dependant on alcohol and have lost control of the amount you drink.
drug rehab - Drug Addiction Treatment Methods
Drug addiction is a treatable disorder. Through treatment that is tailored to individual needs, patients can learn to control their condition and live normal, productive lives. Like people with diabetes or heart disease, people in treatment for drug addiction learn behavioral changes and often take medications as part of their treatment regimen.
Behavioral therapies can include counseling, psychotherapy, support groups, or family therapy. Treatment medications offer help in suppressing the withdrawal syndrome and drug craving and in blocking the effects of drugs. In addition, studies show that treatment for heroin addiction using methadone at an adequate dosage level combined with behavioral therapy reduces death rates and many health problems associated with heroin abuse.
In general, the more treatment given, the better the results. Many patients require other services as well, such as medical and mental health services and HIV prevention services. Patients who stay in treatment longer than 3 months usually have better outcomes than those who stay less time. Patients who go through medically assisted withdrawal to minimize discomfort but do not receive any further treatment, perform about the same in terms of their drug use as those who were never treated. Over the last 25 years, studies have shown that treatment works to reduce drug intake and crimes committed by drug-dependent people. Researchers also have found that drug abusers who have been through treatment are more likely to have jobs.
Types of Treatment Programs
The ultimate goal of all drug abuse treatment is to enable the patient to achieve lasting abstinence, but the immediate goals are to reduce drug use, improve the patient's ability to function, and minimize the medical and social complications of drug abuse.
There are several types of drug abuse treatment programs. Short-term methods last less than 6 months and include residential therapy, medication therapy, and drug-free outpatient therapy. Longer term treatment may include, for example, methadone maintenance outpatient treatment for opiate addicts and residential therapeutic community treatment.
In maintenance treatment for heroin addicts, people in treatment are given an oral dose of a synthetic opiate, usually methadone hydrochloride or levo-alpha-acetyl methadol (LAAM), administered at a dosage sufficient to block the effects of heroin and yield a stable, noneuphoric state free from physiological craving for opiates. In this stable state, the patient is able to disengage from drug-seeking and related criminal behavior and, with appropriate counseling and social services, become a productive member of his or her community.
Outpatient drug-free treatment does not include medications and encompasses a wide variety of programs for patients who visit a clinic at regular intervals. Most of the programs involve individual or group counseling. Patients entering these programs are abusers of drugs other than opiates or are opiate abusers for whom maintenance therapy is not recommended, such as those who have stable, well-integrated lives and only brief histories of drug dependence.
Therapeutic communities (TCs) are highly structured programs in which patients stay at a residence, typically for 6 to 12 months. Patients in TCs include those with relatively long histories of drug dependence, involvement in serious criminal activities, and seriously impaired social functioning. The focus of the TC is on the resocialization of the patient to a drug-free, crime-free lifestyle.
Short-term residential programs, often referred to as chemical dependency units, are often based on the "Minnesota Model" of treatment for alcoholism. These programs involve a 3- to 6-week inpatient treatment phase followed by extended outpatient therapy or participation in 12-step self-help groups, such as Narcotics Anonymous or Cocaine Anonymous. Chemical dependency programs for drug abuse arose in the private sector in the mid-1980s with insured alcohol/cocaine abusers as their primary patients. Today, as private provider benefits decline, more programs are extending their services to publicly funded patients.
Methadone maintenance programs are usually more successful at retaining clients with opiate dependence than are therapeutic communities, which in turn are more successful than outpatient programs that provide psychotherapy and counseling. Within various methadone programs, those that provide higher doses of methadone (usually a minimum of 60 mg.) have better retention rates. Also, those that provide other services, such as counseling, therapy, and medical care, along with methadone generally get better results than the programs that provide minimal services.
Drug treatment programs in prisons can succeed in preventing patients' return to criminal behavior, particularly if they are linked to community-based programs that continue treatment when the client leaves prison. Some of the more successful programs have reduced the rearrest rate by one-fourth to one-half. For example, the "Delaware Model," an ongoing study of comprehensive treatment of drug- addicted prison inmates, shows that prison-based treatment including a therapeutic community setting, a work release therapeutic community, and community-based aftercare reduces the probability of rearrest by 57 percent and reduces the likelihood of returning to drug use by 37 percent.
Drug abuse has a great economic impact on society-an estimated $67 billion per year. This figure includes costs related to crime, medical care, drug abuse treatment, social welfare programs, and time lost from work. Treatment of drug abuse can reduce those costs. Studies have shown that from $4 to $7 are saved for every dollar spent on treatment. It costs approximately $3,600 per month to leave a drug abuser untreated in the community, and incarceration costs approximately $3,300 per month. In contrast, methadone maintenance therapy costs about $290 per month.
http://www.drug-rehabs.com/
Behavioral therapies can include counseling, psychotherapy, support groups, or family therapy. Treatment medications offer help in suppressing the withdrawal syndrome and drug craving and in blocking the effects of drugs. In addition, studies show that treatment for heroin addiction using methadone at an adequate dosage level combined with behavioral therapy reduces death rates and many health problems associated with heroin abuse.
In general, the more treatment given, the better the results. Many patients require other services as well, such as medical and mental health services and HIV prevention services. Patients who stay in treatment longer than 3 months usually have better outcomes than those who stay less time. Patients who go through medically assisted withdrawal to minimize discomfort but do not receive any further treatment, perform about the same in terms of their drug use as those who were never treated. Over the last 25 years, studies have shown that treatment works to reduce drug intake and crimes committed by drug-dependent people. Researchers also have found that drug abusers who have been through treatment are more likely to have jobs.
Types of Treatment Programs
The ultimate goal of all drug abuse treatment is to enable the patient to achieve lasting abstinence, but the immediate goals are to reduce drug use, improve the patient's ability to function, and minimize the medical and social complications of drug abuse.
There are several types of drug abuse treatment programs. Short-term methods last less than 6 months and include residential therapy, medication therapy, and drug-free outpatient therapy. Longer term treatment may include, for example, methadone maintenance outpatient treatment for opiate addicts and residential therapeutic community treatment.
In maintenance treatment for heroin addicts, people in treatment are given an oral dose of a synthetic opiate, usually methadone hydrochloride or levo-alpha-acetyl methadol (LAAM), administered at a dosage sufficient to block the effects of heroin and yield a stable, noneuphoric state free from physiological craving for opiates. In this stable state, the patient is able to disengage from drug-seeking and related criminal behavior and, with appropriate counseling and social services, become a productive member of his or her community.
Outpatient drug-free treatment does not include medications and encompasses a wide variety of programs for patients who visit a clinic at regular intervals. Most of the programs involve individual or group counseling. Patients entering these programs are abusers of drugs other than opiates or are opiate abusers for whom maintenance therapy is not recommended, such as those who have stable, well-integrated lives and only brief histories of drug dependence.
Therapeutic communities (TCs) are highly structured programs in which patients stay at a residence, typically for 6 to 12 months. Patients in TCs include those with relatively long histories of drug dependence, involvement in serious criminal activities, and seriously impaired social functioning. The focus of the TC is on the resocialization of the patient to a drug-free, crime-free lifestyle.
Short-term residential programs, often referred to as chemical dependency units, are often based on the "Minnesota Model" of treatment for alcoholism. These programs involve a 3- to 6-week inpatient treatment phase followed by extended outpatient therapy or participation in 12-step self-help groups, such as Narcotics Anonymous or Cocaine Anonymous. Chemical dependency programs for drug abuse arose in the private sector in the mid-1980s with insured alcohol/cocaine abusers as their primary patients. Today, as private provider benefits decline, more programs are extending their services to publicly funded patients.
Methadone maintenance programs are usually more successful at retaining clients with opiate dependence than are therapeutic communities, which in turn are more successful than outpatient programs that provide psychotherapy and counseling. Within various methadone programs, those that provide higher doses of methadone (usually a minimum of 60 mg.) have better retention rates. Also, those that provide other services, such as counseling, therapy, and medical care, along with methadone generally get better results than the programs that provide minimal services.
Drug treatment programs in prisons can succeed in preventing patients' return to criminal behavior, particularly if they are linked to community-based programs that continue treatment when the client leaves prison. Some of the more successful programs have reduced the rearrest rate by one-fourth to one-half. For example, the "Delaware Model," an ongoing study of comprehensive treatment of drug- addicted prison inmates, shows that prison-based treatment including a therapeutic community setting, a work release therapeutic community, and community-based aftercare reduces the probability of rearrest by 57 percent and reduces the likelihood of returning to drug use by 37 percent.
Drug abuse has a great economic impact on society-an estimated $67 billion per year. This figure includes costs related to crime, medical care, drug abuse treatment, social welfare programs, and time lost from work. Treatment of drug abuse can reduce those costs. Studies have shown that from $4 to $7 are saved for every dollar spent on treatment. It costs approximately $3,600 per month to leave a drug abuser untreated in the community, and incarceration costs approximately $3,300 per month. In contrast, methadone maintenance therapy costs about $290 per month.
http://www.drug-rehabs.com/
drug rehab - LSD
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) is one of the major drugs making up the hallucinogen class. LSD was discovered in 1938 and is one of the most potent mood-changing chemicals. It is manufactured from lysergic acid, which is found in ergot, a fungus that grows on rye and other grains.
LSD, commonly referred to as "acid," is sold on the street in tablets, capsules, and, occasionally, liquid form. It is odorless, colorless, and has a slightly bitter taste and is usually taken by mouth. Often LSD is added to absorbent paper, such as blotter paper, and divided into small decorated squares, with each square representing one dose.
The Drug Enforcement Administration reports that the strength of LSD samples obtained currently from illicit sources ranges from 20 to 80 micrograms of LSD per dose. This is considerably less than the levels reported during the 1960s and early 1970s, when the dosage ranged from 100 to 200 micrograms, or higher, per unit.
Health Hazards
The effects of LSD are unpredictable. They depend on the amount taken; the user's personality, mood, and expectations; and the surroundings in which the drug is used. Usually, the user feels the first effects of the drug 30 to 90 minutes after taking it. The physical effects include dilated pupils, higher body temperature, increased heart rate and blood pressure, sweating, loss of appetite, sleeplessness, dry mouth, and tremors.
Sensations and feelings change much more dramatically than the physical signs. The user may feel several different emotions at once or swing rapidly from one emotion to another. If taken in a large enough dose, the drug produces delusions and visual hallucinations. The user's sense of time and self changes. Sensations may seem to "cross over," giving the user the feeling of hearing colors and seeing sounds. These changes can be frightening and can cause panic.
Users refer to their experience with LSD as a "trip" and to acute adverse reactions as a "bad trip." These experiences are long - typically they begin to clear after about 12 hours.
Some LSD users experience severe, terrifying thoughts and feelings, fear of losing control, fear of insanity and death, and despair while using LSD. Some fatal accidents have occurred during states of LSD intoxication.
Many LSD users experience flashbacks, recurrence of certain aspects of a person's experience, without the user having taken the drug again. A flashback occurs suddenly, often without warning, and may occur within a few days or more than a year after LSD use. Flashbacks usually occur in people who use hallucinogens chronically or have an underlying personality problem; however, otherwise healthy people who use LSD occasionally may also have flashbacks. Bad trips and flashbacks are only part of the risks of LSD use. LSD users may manifest relatively long-lasting psychoses, such as schizophrenia or severe depression. It is difficult to determine the extent and mechanism of the LSD involvement in these illnesses.
Most users of LSD voluntarily decrease or stop its use over time. LSD is not considered an addictive drug since it does not produce compulsive drug-seeking behavior as do cocaine, amphetamine, heroin, alcohol, and nicotine. However, like many of the addictive drugs, LSD produces tolerance, so some users who take the drug repeatedly must take progressively higher doses to achieve the state of intoxication that they had previously achieved. This is an extremely dangerous practice, given the unpredictability of the drug. NIDA is funding studies that focus on the neurochemical and behavioral properties of LSD. This research will provide a greater understanding of the mechanisms of action of the drug.
Extent of Use
Monitoring the Future Study (MTF)*
Since 1975, MTF researchers have annually surveyed almost 17,000 high school seniors nationwide to determine trends in drug use and to measure attitudes and beliefs about drug abuse. Over the past 2 years, the percentage of seniors who have used LSD has remained relatively stable. Between 1975 and 1997, the lowest lifetime use of LSD was reported by the class of 1986, when 7.2 percent of seniors reported using LSD at least once in their lives. In 1997, 13.6 percent of seniors had experimented with LSD at least once in their lifetimes. The percentage of seniors reporting use of LSD in the past year nearly doubled from a low of 4.4 percent in 1985 to 8.4 percent in 1997.
In 1997, 34.7 percent of seniors perceived great risk in using LSD once or twice, and 76.6 percent said they saw great risk in using LSD regularly. More than 80 percent of seniors disapproved of people trying LSD once or twice, and almost 93 percent disapproved of people taking LSD regularly.
Almost 51 percent of seniors said it would have been fairly easy or very easy for them to get LSD if they had wanted it.
LSD, commonly referred to as "acid," is sold on the street in tablets, capsules, and, occasionally, liquid form. It is odorless, colorless, and has a slightly bitter taste and is usually taken by mouth. Often LSD is added to absorbent paper, such as blotter paper, and divided into small decorated squares, with each square representing one dose.
The Drug Enforcement Administration reports that the strength of LSD samples obtained currently from illicit sources ranges from 20 to 80 micrograms of LSD per dose. This is considerably less than the levels reported during the 1960s and early 1970s, when the dosage ranged from 100 to 200 micrograms, or higher, per unit.
Health Hazards
The effects of LSD are unpredictable. They depend on the amount taken; the user's personality, mood, and expectations; and the surroundings in which the drug is used. Usually, the user feels the first effects of the drug 30 to 90 minutes after taking it. The physical effects include dilated pupils, higher body temperature, increased heart rate and blood pressure, sweating, loss of appetite, sleeplessness, dry mouth, and tremors.
Sensations and feelings change much more dramatically than the physical signs. The user may feel several different emotions at once or swing rapidly from one emotion to another. If taken in a large enough dose, the drug produces delusions and visual hallucinations. The user's sense of time and self changes. Sensations may seem to "cross over," giving the user the feeling of hearing colors and seeing sounds. These changes can be frightening and can cause panic.
Users refer to their experience with LSD as a "trip" and to acute adverse reactions as a "bad trip." These experiences are long - typically they begin to clear after about 12 hours.
Some LSD users experience severe, terrifying thoughts and feelings, fear of losing control, fear of insanity and death, and despair while using LSD. Some fatal accidents have occurred during states of LSD intoxication.
Many LSD users experience flashbacks, recurrence of certain aspects of a person's experience, without the user having taken the drug again. A flashback occurs suddenly, often without warning, and may occur within a few days or more than a year after LSD use. Flashbacks usually occur in people who use hallucinogens chronically or have an underlying personality problem; however, otherwise healthy people who use LSD occasionally may also have flashbacks. Bad trips and flashbacks are only part of the risks of LSD use. LSD users may manifest relatively long-lasting psychoses, such as schizophrenia or severe depression. It is difficult to determine the extent and mechanism of the LSD involvement in these illnesses.
Most users of LSD voluntarily decrease or stop its use over time. LSD is not considered an addictive drug since it does not produce compulsive drug-seeking behavior as do cocaine, amphetamine, heroin, alcohol, and nicotine. However, like many of the addictive drugs, LSD produces tolerance, so some users who take the drug repeatedly must take progressively higher doses to achieve the state of intoxication that they had previously achieved. This is an extremely dangerous practice, given the unpredictability of the drug. NIDA is funding studies that focus on the neurochemical and behavioral properties of LSD. This research will provide a greater understanding of the mechanisms of action of the drug.
Extent of Use
Monitoring the Future Study (MTF)*
Since 1975, MTF researchers have annually surveyed almost 17,000 high school seniors nationwide to determine trends in drug use and to measure attitudes and beliefs about drug abuse. Over the past 2 years, the percentage of seniors who have used LSD has remained relatively stable. Between 1975 and 1997, the lowest lifetime use of LSD was reported by the class of 1986, when 7.2 percent of seniors reported using LSD at least once in their lives. In 1997, 13.6 percent of seniors had experimented with LSD at least once in their lifetimes. The percentage of seniors reporting use of LSD in the past year nearly doubled from a low of 4.4 percent in 1985 to 8.4 percent in 1997.
In 1997, 34.7 percent of seniors perceived great risk in using LSD once or twice, and 76.6 percent said they saw great risk in using LSD regularly. More than 80 percent of seniors disapproved of people trying LSD once or twice, and almost 93 percent disapproved of people taking LSD regularly.
Almost 51 percent of seniors said it would have been fairly easy or very easy for them to get LSD if they had wanted it.
drug rehab - Rohypnol GHB and Ketamine
GHB, Rohypnol, and ketamine are predominantly central nervous system depressants. Because they are often colorless, tasteless, and odorless, they can be added to beverages and ingested unknowingly.
These drugs emerged a few years ago as "date rape" drugs. Because of concern about their abuse, Congress passed the "Drug-Induced Rape Prevention and Punishment Act of 1996" in October 1996. This legislation increased Federal penalties for use of any controlled substance to aid in sexual assault.
These drugs emerged a few years ago as "date rape" drugs. Because of concern about their abuse, Congress passed the "Drug-Induced Rape Prevention and Punishment Act of 1996" in October 1996. This legislation increased Federal penalties for use of any controlled substance to aid in sexual assault.
drug rehab - club drugs
MDMA (Ecstasy), Rohypnol, GHB, and Ketamine are among the drugs used by teens and young adults who are part of a nightclub, bar, rave, or trance scene. Raves and trance events are generally night-long dances, often held in warehouses. Many who attend raves and trances do not use drugs, but those who do may be attracted to the generally low cost, seemingly increased stamina, and intoxicating highs that are said to deepen the rave or trance experience.
Current science, however, is showing change to critical parts of the brain from use of these drugs. Also, in high doses most of these drugs can cause a sharp increase in body temperature (malignant hyperthermia) leading to muscle breakdown and kidney and cardiovascular system failure.
MDMA is a synthetic, psychoactive drug with both stimulant (amphetamine-like) and hallucinogenic (LSD-like) properties. Street names for MDMA include Ecstasy, Adam, XTC, hug, beans, and love drug. Its chemical structure (3-4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine, "MDMA") is similar to methamphetamine, methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), and mescaline - these are synthetic drugs known to cause brain damage. MDMA usually is taken in pill form, but some users snort it, inject it, or use it in suppository form.
Many problems MDMA users encounter are similar to those found with the use of amphetamines and cocaine. Psychological difficulties can include confusion, depression, sleep problems, severe anxiety, and paranoia. Physical problems can include muscle tension, involuntary teeth clenching, nausea, blurred vision, faintness, and chills or sweating. Use of the drug has also been associated with increases in heart rate and blood pressure, which are special risks for people with circulatory or heart disease. Recent research also links MDMA use to long-term damage to those parts of the brain critical to thought, memory, and pleasure.
MDMA use is increasing in most metropolitan areas of the United States.* In Boston and New York City, it appears to be spreading beyond the club scene to the streets. Content of the MDMA pills also varies widely, and may include caffeine, dextromethorphan, heroin, and mescaline. In some areas of the country, the MDMA-like substance paramethoxyamphetamine (PMA) has been involved in the deaths of people who mistakenly thought they were taking true MDMA. The deaths were due to complications from hyperthermia.
In a 5-year retrospective of emergency room mentions of club drugs,** the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration reports that emergency room mentions involving MDMA increased from 250 in 1994 to 2,850 in 1999.
Current science, however, is showing change to critical parts of the brain from use of these drugs. Also, in high doses most of these drugs can cause a sharp increase in body temperature (malignant hyperthermia) leading to muscle breakdown and kidney and cardiovascular system failure.
MDMA is a synthetic, psychoactive drug with both stimulant (amphetamine-like) and hallucinogenic (LSD-like) properties. Street names for MDMA include Ecstasy, Adam, XTC, hug, beans, and love drug. Its chemical structure (3-4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine, "MDMA") is similar to methamphetamine, methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), and mescaline - these are synthetic drugs known to cause brain damage. MDMA usually is taken in pill form, but some users snort it, inject it, or use it in suppository form.
Many problems MDMA users encounter are similar to those found with the use of amphetamines and cocaine. Psychological difficulties can include confusion, depression, sleep problems, severe anxiety, and paranoia. Physical problems can include muscle tension, involuntary teeth clenching, nausea, blurred vision, faintness, and chills or sweating. Use of the drug has also been associated with increases in heart rate and blood pressure, which are special risks for people with circulatory or heart disease. Recent research also links MDMA use to long-term damage to those parts of the brain critical to thought, memory, and pleasure.
MDMA use is increasing in most metropolitan areas of the United States.* In Boston and New York City, it appears to be spreading beyond the club scene to the streets. Content of the MDMA pills also varies widely, and may include caffeine, dextromethorphan, heroin, and mescaline. In some areas of the country, the MDMA-like substance paramethoxyamphetamine (PMA) has been involved in the deaths of people who mistakenly thought they were taking true MDMA. The deaths were due to complications from hyperthermia.
In a 5-year retrospective of emergency room mentions of club drugs,** the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration reports that emergency room mentions involving MDMA increased from 250 in 1994 to 2,850 in 1999.
Facts About Alcohol -- From "Social Drinking" to Dangerous Dependence
Alcohol use and abuse is associated with serious medical illnesses such as cancer, cardiovascular problems, liver cirrhosis, stroke, hypertension, and brain damage. There is also extensive evidence indicating that alcohol dependence elevates the risk for depression as well as all types of anxiety and personality disorders.
Recent Facts About Alcohol
Nearly 14 million people in the United States--1 in every 13 adults--abuse alcohol or are alcoholic.
Every day, more than 700,000 people in the U.S. receive treatment for alcoholism.
40% of children who start drinking before the age of 15 will become alcoholics at some point in their lives, compared with 25% for those who begin drinking at age 17, and about 10% for those who begin drinking at ages 21 and 22.
76 million Americans, about 43% of the U.S. adult population, have been exposed to alcoholism in the family.
22% of American adults are former drinkers.
Frequently Asked Questions About Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
What is meant by “alcoholism”?
Alcoholism, also known as "alcohol dependence," is a disease that includes alcohol craving and continued drinking despite repeated alcohol-related problems, such as losing a job or getting into trouble with the law. Alcoholism is likely when an individual experiences at least 3 of the following symptoms during any 12-month period:
* Tolerance (increasing amounts of alcohol are required to achieve a desired effect); withdrawal symptoms (such as nausea, sweating, shakiness, and anxiety); drinking larger amounts over a longer period of time than intended.
* A persistent desire to drink, or unsuccessful efforts to control drinking.
* Giving up or reducing important social, occupational or recreational activities in favor of drinking.
* Spending a great deal of time obtaining alcohol, drinking or recovering from drinking.
* Continued drinking despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurring physical or psychological problem either caused or exacerbated by drinking.
Is alcoholism a disease?
Yes. Alcoholism is a chronic, often progressive disease, and, like many other diseases, it has a generally predictable course, recognized symptoms, and is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors that are being increasingly defined.
Is alcoholism inherited?
Alcoholism tends to run in families and genetic factors partially explain this pattern. Currently, researchers are on the way to finding the genes that influence vulnerability to alcoholism. A person’s environment, such as the influence of friends, stress levels, and the ease of obtaining alcohol, also may influence drinking and the development of alcoholism. Still other factors, such as social support, may help to protect even high-risk people from alcohol problems.
Risk, however, is not destiny. A child of an alcoholic parent will not automatically develop alcoholism—and a person with no family history of alcoholism can become alcohol dependent.
Can alcoholism be cured?
Not yet. Alcoholism is a treatable disease through treatment plans of therapy, medication, or a combination of both, but a cure has not yet been found. This means that if an alcoholic has been sober for a long time and has regained health, he or she may relapse and so must continue to avoid all alcoholic beverages and ensure professional mental health care help is always readily available to provide any necessary professional support.
Does alcohol treatment work?
Treatment outcomes for alcoholism compare favorably with outcomes for many other chronic medical conditions. The longer an individual abstains from alcohol, the more likely they are to remain sober. Ongoing support from mental health professionals, family members and others are extremely significant to recovery. It is important to remember that many people relapse once or even several times before achieving long-term sobriety. Relapses are common and do not mean that a person has failed or cannot eventually recover from alcoholism. If a relapse occurs, it is crucial to once again stop drinking and to get whatever professional help is needed to continue abstaining from alcohol.
Does a person have to be alcoholic to experience problems from alcohol?
No. Even if you are not alcoholic, abusing alcohol can have negative results. Alcohol abuse is likely if an individual exhibits at least one of the following traits:
* Continued use despite social or interpersonal problems by drinking.
* Recurrent drinking when alcohol use is physically hazardous.
* Recurrent drinking resulting in a failure to fulfill major obligations at work, school or home.
* Recurrent alcohol-related legal problems.
* Under some circumstances, serious problems can result from even moderate drinking, for example, when driving, during pregnancy, or when taking certain medications.
If I have trouble with drinking, can’t I simply reduce my alcohol use without stopping altogether?
It depends. If you are diagnosed as an alcoholic, the answer is "no." Studies show that nearly all alcoholics who try to merely cut down on drinking are unable to do so indefinitely. Instead, receiving the necessary professional support for cutting out alcohol (that is, abstaining) is nearly always necessary for successful recovery. And anyone--moderate drinkers included--who finds it difficult to stay within their drinking limit should consider seeking professional care before what seems like a small problem becomes a serious one.
What is a safe level of drinking?
Most adults can drink moderate amounts of alcohol — up to two drinks per day for men and one drink per day for women and older people (one drink equals one 12-ounce bottle of beer or wine cooler, one 5-ounce glass of wine, or 1.5 ounces of 80-proof distilled spirits).
However, certain individuals should not drink at all. They include:
* Recovering alcoholics.
* Anyone suffering with a psychological condition, just a few examples of which are extreme distress, depression, anxiety disorders or personality disorders.
* People who plan to drive or engage in other activities requiring alertness and skill.
* People taking certain medications, including some over-the-counter medications.
* People with medical conditions that can be worsened by drinking.
* Any woman who is pregnant or planning on becoming pregnant.
Why is it unsafe to drink during pregnancy?
Drinking during pregnancy can cause a number of seriously harmful pre-natal effects to the child, as early as during the first several weeks of pregnancy and continuing until childbirth. Risks to the child include mental retardation, organ abnormalities, hyperactivity, and eventual learning and behavioral problems. While it is not yet known how much alcohol is required to cause these problems, it is known that they are 100% preventable if a woman does not drink at all during pregnancy.
As people get older, does alcohol affect their bodies differently?
Yes. As a person ages, certain mental and physical functions tend to decline, including vision, hearing, and reaction time. It is also true that other physical changes associated with aging can make older people feel “high” after drinking fairly small amounts of alcohol. These combined factors make older people more likely to have alcohol-related falls, automobile crashes, and other kinds of accidents.
In addition, older people tend to take more medications than younger persons, and missing alcohol with many over-the-counter and prescription drugs can be dangerous (even fatal), and many medical conditions common to older people, including high blood pressure and ulcers, can be worsened by drinking.
Does alcohol affect a woman’s body differently from a man’s body?
Yes. Most women become more intoxicated than men after drinking the same amount of alcohol, even when differences in body weight are taken into account. This is because women’s bodies typically have proportionately less water than men’s bodies and, because alcohol mixes with body water, a given amount of alcohol becomes more highly concentrated in a woman’s body than in a man’s.
In addition, chronic alcohol abuse takes a heavier physical toll on women than on men and alcohol dependence and related medical problems, such as brain and liver damage, progress more rapidly in women than men.
If I am taking over-the-counter or prescription medication, do I have to stop drinking?
Possibly. More than 100 medications interact with alcohol, leading to increased risk of illness, injury and, in some cases, death. The effects of alcohol are increased by medicines that slow down the central nervous system, such as sleeping pills, antihistamines, antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, and some painkillers. In addition, medicines for certain disorders, including diabetes and heart disease, can be dangerous if used with alcohol. To be on the safe side, always ask your prescribing physician whether it is advisable to drink alcohol while taking any medication.
Recent Facts About Alcohol
Nearly 14 million people in the United States--1 in every 13 adults--abuse alcohol or are alcoholic.
Every day, more than 700,000 people in the U.S. receive treatment for alcoholism.
40% of children who start drinking before the age of 15 will become alcoholics at some point in their lives, compared with 25% for those who begin drinking at age 17, and about 10% for those who begin drinking at ages 21 and 22.
76 million Americans, about 43% of the U.S. adult population, have been exposed to alcoholism in the family.
22% of American adults are former drinkers.
Frequently Asked Questions About Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
What is meant by “alcoholism”?
Alcoholism, also known as "alcohol dependence," is a disease that includes alcohol craving and continued drinking despite repeated alcohol-related problems, such as losing a job or getting into trouble with the law. Alcoholism is likely when an individual experiences at least 3 of the following symptoms during any 12-month period:
* Tolerance (increasing amounts of alcohol are required to achieve a desired effect); withdrawal symptoms (such as nausea, sweating, shakiness, and anxiety); drinking larger amounts over a longer period of time than intended.
* A persistent desire to drink, or unsuccessful efforts to control drinking.
* Giving up or reducing important social, occupational or recreational activities in favor of drinking.
* Spending a great deal of time obtaining alcohol, drinking or recovering from drinking.
* Continued drinking despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurring physical or psychological problem either caused or exacerbated by drinking.
Is alcoholism a disease?
Yes. Alcoholism is a chronic, often progressive disease, and, like many other diseases, it has a generally predictable course, recognized symptoms, and is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors that are being increasingly defined.
Is alcoholism inherited?
Alcoholism tends to run in families and genetic factors partially explain this pattern. Currently, researchers are on the way to finding the genes that influence vulnerability to alcoholism. A person’s environment, such as the influence of friends, stress levels, and the ease of obtaining alcohol, also may influence drinking and the development of alcoholism. Still other factors, such as social support, may help to protect even high-risk people from alcohol problems.
Risk, however, is not destiny. A child of an alcoholic parent will not automatically develop alcoholism—and a person with no family history of alcoholism can become alcohol dependent.
Can alcoholism be cured?
Not yet. Alcoholism is a treatable disease through treatment plans of therapy, medication, or a combination of both, but a cure has not yet been found. This means that if an alcoholic has been sober for a long time and has regained health, he or she may relapse and so must continue to avoid all alcoholic beverages and ensure professional mental health care help is always readily available to provide any necessary professional support.
Does alcohol treatment work?
Treatment outcomes for alcoholism compare favorably with outcomes for many other chronic medical conditions. The longer an individual abstains from alcohol, the more likely they are to remain sober. Ongoing support from mental health professionals, family members and others are extremely significant to recovery. It is important to remember that many people relapse once or even several times before achieving long-term sobriety. Relapses are common and do not mean that a person has failed or cannot eventually recover from alcoholism. If a relapse occurs, it is crucial to once again stop drinking and to get whatever professional help is needed to continue abstaining from alcohol.
Does a person have to be alcoholic to experience problems from alcohol?
No. Even if you are not alcoholic, abusing alcohol can have negative results. Alcohol abuse is likely if an individual exhibits at least one of the following traits:
* Continued use despite social or interpersonal problems by drinking.
* Recurrent drinking when alcohol use is physically hazardous.
* Recurrent drinking resulting in a failure to fulfill major obligations at work, school or home.
* Recurrent alcohol-related legal problems.
* Under some circumstances, serious problems can result from even moderate drinking, for example, when driving, during pregnancy, or when taking certain medications.
If I have trouble with drinking, can’t I simply reduce my alcohol use without stopping altogether?
It depends. If you are diagnosed as an alcoholic, the answer is "no." Studies show that nearly all alcoholics who try to merely cut down on drinking are unable to do so indefinitely. Instead, receiving the necessary professional support for cutting out alcohol (that is, abstaining) is nearly always necessary for successful recovery. And anyone--moderate drinkers included--who finds it difficult to stay within their drinking limit should consider seeking professional care before what seems like a small problem becomes a serious one.
What is a safe level of drinking?
Most adults can drink moderate amounts of alcohol — up to two drinks per day for men and one drink per day for women and older people (one drink equals one 12-ounce bottle of beer or wine cooler, one 5-ounce glass of wine, or 1.5 ounces of 80-proof distilled spirits).
However, certain individuals should not drink at all. They include:
* Recovering alcoholics.
* Anyone suffering with a psychological condition, just a few examples of which are extreme distress, depression, anxiety disorders or personality disorders.
* People who plan to drive or engage in other activities requiring alertness and skill.
* People taking certain medications, including some over-the-counter medications.
* People with medical conditions that can be worsened by drinking.
* Any woman who is pregnant or planning on becoming pregnant.
Why is it unsafe to drink during pregnancy?
Drinking during pregnancy can cause a number of seriously harmful pre-natal effects to the child, as early as during the first several weeks of pregnancy and continuing until childbirth. Risks to the child include mental retardation, organ abnormalities, hyperactivity, and eventual learning and behavioral problems. While it is not yet known how much alcohol is required to cause these problems, it is known that they are 100% preventable if a woman does not drink at all during pregnancy.
As people get older, does alcohol affect their bodies differently?
Yes. As a person ages, certain mental and physical functions tend to decline, including vision, hearing, and reaction time. It is also true that other physical changes associated with aging can make older people feel “high” after drinking fairly small amounts of alcohol. These combined factors make older people more likely to have alcohol-related falls, automobile crashes, and other kinds of accidents.
In addition, older people tend to take more medications than younger persons, and missing alcohol with many over-the-counter and prescription drugs can be dangerous (even fatal), and many medical conditions common to older people, including high blood pressure and ulcers, can be worsened by drinking.
Does alcohol affect a woman’s body differently from a man’s body?
Yes. Most women become more intoxicated than men after drinking the same amount of alcohol, even when differences in body weight are taken into account. This is because women’s bodies typically have proportionately less water than men’s bodies and, because alcohol mixes with body water, a given amount of alcohol becomes more highly concentrated in a woman’s body than in a man’s.
In addition, chronic alcohol abuse takes a heavier physical toll on women than on men and alcohol dependence and related medical problems, such as brain and liver damage, progress more rapidly in women than men.
If I am taking over-the-counter or prescription medication, do I have to stop drinking?
Possibly. More than 100 medications interact with alcohol, leading to increased risk of illness, injury and, in some cases, death. The effects of alcohol are increased by medicines that slow down the central nervous system, such as sleeping pills, antihistamines, antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, and some painkillers. In addition, medicines for certain disorders, including diabetes and heart disease, can be dangerous if used with alcohol. To be on the safe side, always ask your prescribing physician whether it is advisable to drink alcohol while taking any medication.
Drug Rehab Programs
Selecting a drug rehab center is one of the most important Drug rehab Treatment Centers Drug addiction rehabilitation Program and difficult decisions you will make in your lifetime. Few of us know what to look for in a quality rehab program and not all drug rehabilitation centers are alike. Each drug rehab has its own program options, staff qualifications, credentials, cost, and effectiveness.
Asking appropriate questions when you call a drug rehab for information is important and you should expect to receive clear answers.
Before you make any decisions-ask questions and get the facts!
Does the drug rehab offer a variety of programs?
Alcohol and drug addiction are diseases that progress through predictable stages. It takes a trained health professional, often a doctor specializing in addiction medicine, to make an accurate diagnosis and prescribe the most appropriate treatment, whether it be outpatient counseling or an inpatient alchol and drug rehab.
A drug rehabilitation treatment center should offer a variety of treatment programs that meet individual needs. Programs may include inpatient, residential, outpatient, and/or short-stay options.
The difference between inpatient and a residential treatment center is that inpatient services are provided by a licensed hospital, while residential programs usually do not meet the same rigorous standards of medical care.
The length of stay depends on the severity and stage of the disease.
How much does a drug rehab center cost?
"How much does it cost?" is often one of the first questions asked when someone calls a drug rehab program.
The price tag for drug rehab treatment depends on the type of rehab you choose. You need to know what is included, what will be added to your bill as a fee-for-service program, and what services your health insurance will cover. This makes it extremely difficult to compare prices by simply asking the question - "What does rehab cost?" The best way to find out the range of costs for rehab is to talk to an intake advisor. You can discuss your insurance coverage or your financial concerns and they will help you narrow down your choices to what best meets your needs in the most affordable way.
If you are seeking the best value for your treatment dollar, remember: Price can be meaningful only in the context of quality and performance.
Also remember that the cost of drug addiction and alcoholism, if not treated, can far exceed the cost of treatment.
Is the drug rehab treatment program medically based?
There is an advantage to including on-site medical care in a Drug Rehab. Physicians and nurses provide 24-hour hospital services to monitor and ensure a safe withdrawal from alcohol and other drugs. In addition, a medical staff specializing in addiction medicine can oversee the progress of each individual and make necessary adjustments to the treatment plan.
Medical credentials and accreditation can also be important. For example, a chemical dependency Drug Rehab that earns JCAHO accreditation (Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations) meets national standards for providing quality medical care. Appropriate state licensing is also an important consideration.
Be sure to ask which medical costs are included in the price of treatment at the drug rehab.
What is the degree of family involvement in a drug rehab program?
Drug abuse and alcoholism affects the entire family, not just the alcoholic/addict. Quite often family members do not realize how deeply they have been affected by chemical dependency. Family involvement is an important component of recovery.
Drug Rehabs vary in the degree and quality of family involvement opportunities. Some offer just a few lectures and others offer family therapy. Ask if there is any time devoted to family programs and if group therapy is included.
Does drug rehabilitation include a quality continuing care program?
There are no quick fixes for the diseases of drug abuse and alcoholism. Recovery is an ongoing process. The skills one learns during intensive rehabilitation treatment must be integrated into everyday life and this takes time.
Some drug addiction treatment programs will offer a follow-up program but only in one location which may make it difficult to use.
Drug rehabilitation treatment programs should include a quality, continuing care program that supports and monitors recovery.
The decision to enter a drug rehab program can be a very difficult and painstaking process. If you are confused by the many choices offered on this drug rehab site, please call one of our our treament center specialist at (877) 707-8498.
Our treatment center helpline is answered by a professional staff who understands what you are going through. They will listen to your questions and concerns, and provide you with free drug rehab referrals.
Asking appropriate questions when you call a drug rehab for information is important and you should expect to receive clear answers.
Before you make any decisions-ask questions and get the facts!
Does the drug rehab offer a variety of programs?
Alcohol and drug addiction are diseases that progress through predictable stages. It takes a trained health professional, often a doctor specializing in addiction medicine, to make an accurate diagnosis and prescribe the most appropriate treatment, whether it be outpatient counseling or an inpatient alchol and drug rehab.
A drug rehabilitation treatment center should offer a variety of treatment programs that meet individual needs. Programs may include inpatient, residential, outpatient, and/or short-stay options.
The difference between inpatient and a residential treatment center is that inpatient services are provided by a licensed hospital, while residential programs usually do not meet the same rigorous standards of medical care.
The length of stay depends on the severity and stage of the disease.
How much does a drug rehab center cost?
"How much does it cost?" is often one of the first questions asked when someone calls a drug rehab program.
The price tag for drug rehab treatment depends on the type of rehab you choose. You need to know what is included, what will be added to your bill as a fee-for-service program, and what services your health insurance will cover. This makes it extremely difficult to compare prices by simply asking the question - "What does rehab cost?" The best way to find out the range of costs for rehab is to talk to an intake advisor. You can discuss your insurance coverage or your financial concerns and they will help you narrow down your choices to what best meets your needs in the most affordable way.
If you are seeking the best value for your treatment dollar, remember: Price can be meaningful only in the context of quality and performance.
Also remember that the cost of drug addiction and alcoholism, if not treated, can far exceed the cost of treatment.
Is the drug rehab treatment program medically based?
There is an advantage to including on-site medical care in a Drug Rehab. Physicians and nurses provide 24-hour hospital services to monitor and ensure a safe withdrawal from alcohol and other drugs. In addition, a medical staff specializing in addiction medicine can oversee the progress of each individual and make necessary adjustments to the treatment plan.
Medical credentials and accreditation can also be important. For example, a chemical dependency Drug Rehab that earns JCAHO accreditation (Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations) meets national standards for providing quality medical care. Appropriate state licensing is also an important consideration.
Be sure to ask which medical costs are included in the price of treatment at the drug rehab.
What is the degree of family involvement in a drug rehab program?
Drug abuse and alcoholism affects the entire family, not just the alcoholic/addict. Quite often family members do not realize how deeply they have been affected by chemical dependency. Family involvement is an important component of recovery.
Drug Rehabs vary in the degree and quality of family involvement opportunities. Some offer just a few lectures and others offer family therapy. Ask if there is any time devoted to family programs and if group therapy is included.
Does drug rehabilitation include a quality continuing care program?
There are no quick fixes for the diseases of drug abuse and alcoholism. Recovery is an ongoing process. The skills one learns during intensive rehabilitation treatment must be integrated into everyday life and this takes time.
Some drug addiction treatment programs will offer a follow-up program but only in one location which may make it difficult to use.
Drug rehabilitation treatment programs should include a quality, continuing care program that supports and monitors recovery.
The decision to enter a drug rehab program can be a very difficult and painstaking process. If you are confused by the many choices offered on this drug rehab site, please call one of our our treament center specialist at (877) 707-8498.
Our treatment center helpline is answered by a professional staff who understands what you are going through. They will listen to your questions and concerns, and provide you with free drug rehab referrals.
Jumat, 14 Agustus 2009
Alcohol Detox
Alcohol detox refers to the physical withdrawal symptoms of alcohol abuse, alcohol dependence, as well as the accompanying psychological symptoms. Stepping Stone alcohol detox programs are designed to help rid the body of the addictive substances, and to provide the physiological and mental readjustment that accompanies the process.
Alcohol Detox Programs
For those who are alcohol dependent, alcohol detox is a challenging but necessary process a person must go through on their way to sobriety. Fortunately there are now a variety of detox medications available to ease , or in some cases, eliminate the uncomfortable alcohol withdrawal symptoms.
Alcohol detox done within the structure of a residential alcohol rehab program is preferred because complete around-the-clock medical care is available. Medical problems sometimes accompany alcohol detox. These issues are best addressed in alcohol detox programs that provide qualified nursing and doctor care.
Stepping Stone's Nationally Acclaimed Alcohol Detox Programs
On your road to recovery you can expect to receive the following outstanding services:
1.Medical Care and Supervision: Stepping Stone's medical director is a board certified physician, trained in addiction medicine. One of his primary responsibilities is to design a personalized alcohol detox protocol.. In addition, he meets with each patient daily to manage any medical problems that are present.
2.Nutritional Advisement: Our in-house nutritionist will design a healthy eating plan, so the person in detox will optimally respond to any medications provided and motivate the body to begin its recovery.
3.Emotional Support: Our alcohol rehab staff is here to help the patient cope with cravings, depression, anger and other emotional issues.
Alcohol detox is the first step in the treatment of alcoholism, alcohol abuse or alcohol addiction. Call us now, and take the first step.
If you would like additional information or admission to Stepping Stone's alcohol detox program, please call 1-800-237-3150. Help is available 24 hours a day and all calls are confidential.
Alcohol Detox Programs
For those who are alcohol dependent, alcohol detox is a challenging but necessary process a person must go through on their way to sobriety. Fortunately there are now a variety of detox medications available to ease , or in some cases, eliminate the uncomfortable alcohol withdrawal symptoms.
Alcohol detox done within the structure of a residential alcohol rehab program is preferred because complete around-the-clock medical care is available. Medical problems sometimes accompany alcohol detox. These issues are best addressed in alcohol detox programs that provide qualified nursing and doctor care.
Stepping Stone's Nationally Acclaimed Alcohol Detox Programs
On your road to recovery you can expect to receive the following outstanding services:
1.Medical Care and Supervision: Stepping Stone's medical director is a board certified physician, trained in addiction medicine. One of his primary responsibilities is to design a personalized alcohol detox protocol.. In addition, he meets with each patient daily to manage any medical problems that are present.
2.Nutritional Advisement: Our in-house nutritionist will design a healthy eating plan, so the person in detox will optimally respond to any medications provided and motivate the body to begin its recovery.
3.Emotional Support: Our alcohol rehab staff is here to help the patient cope with cravings, depression, anger and other emotional issues.
Alcohol detox is the first step in the treatment of alcoholism, alcohol abuse or alcohol addiction. Call us now, and take the first step.
If you would like additional information or admission to Stepping Stone's alcohol detox program, please call 1-800-237-3150. Help is available 24 hours a day and all calls are confidential.
drug rehab - Alcohol Rehab
An individual in need of alcohol rehab is someone who has a physical addiction and tolerance for alcohol. When a person continues to drink alcohol despite experiencing many negative consequences they are the perfect candidate for alcohol rehab. A challenge to overcome is that most people in need of alcohol rehab are the last ones to recognize this need. Denial and resistance are the two main factors standing in the way of someone with alcohol addiction getting help. Getting a person into alcohol rehab is not all that easy, unless they recognize they are ready. The staff at Stepping Stone Center for Recovery can provide assistance in getting a friend or loved one into alcohol rehab. We can guide you through the process and if that does not prove to be successful, we will find you a professional interventionist who will coordinate all the efforts to get your loved one alcohol rehab help.
Alcohol Rehabilitation Relapse Prevention
As alcoholism is a chronic disease relapse can occur at any time. Stepping Stone's alcohol rehabilitation program places great emphasis is helping one determine what behaviors and thoughts will bring them closer to relapse than recovery. Every patient has a trigger and it is the responsibility of our staff to determine all of the patient's relapse triggers and design a relapse prevention plan to offset them. This is why in many alcohol rehabs, especially ours, it is suggested that patients take a look at who they associate with, places where they hang out and the things they do. If a person can do that, attend 12 step meetings as suggested and follow their aftercare plan, than long term recovery success can be achieved.
Alcohol rehabs across the country treat relapse in different ways. Some will automatically place a patient back into alcohol rehab if they relapse. Admission right back into alcohol rehab after relapse can, in some cases, prove counterproductive to future sobriety. If relapse occurs Stepping Stone manages the situation by evaluating the patient's relapse, motivation, willingness to recover and quality of their previous recovery before rendering a suggestion. Alcohol rehab help is always just a phone call away.
For alcohol rehab help and information, call: 1-800-231-3750. Our staff awaits your call any time of day or night. All calls are toll-free and confidential. Get alcohol rehabilitation now!
Alcohol Rehabilitation Relapse Prevention
As alcoholism is a chronic disease relapse can occur at any time. Stepping Stone's alcohol rehabilitation program places great emphasis is helping one determine what behaviors and thoughts will bring them closer to relapse than recovery. Every patient has a trigger and it is the responsibility of our staff to determine all of the patient's relapse triggers and design a relapse prevention plan to offset them. This is why in many alcohol rehabs, especially ours, it is suggested that patients take a look at who they associate with, places where they hang out and the things they do. If a person can do that, attend 12 step meetings as suggested and follow their aftercare plan, than long term recovery success can be achieved.
Alcohol rehabs across the country treat relapse in different ways. Some will automatically place a patient back into alcohol rehab if they relapse. Admission right back into alcohol rehab after relapse can, in some cases, prove counterproductive to future sobriety. If relapse occurs Stepping Stone manages the situation by evaluating the patient's relapse, motivation, willingness to recover and quality of their previous recovery before rendering a suggestion. Alcohol rehab help is always just a phone call away.
For alcohol rehab help and information, call: 1-800-231-3750. Our staff awaits your call any time of day or night. All calls are toll-free and confidential. Get alcohol rehabilitation now!
drug rehab - Alcohol Abuse
Alcohol abuse has serious negative consequences. If you consume alcohol there is always a chance that harmful patterns of behavior can lead to having a drinking problem. Alcohol abuse, alcohol dependence and alcoholism are different levels of a disease which can be diagnosed by a trained and qualified healthcare professional. Moderate alcohol use in most adults (up to two drinks per day for men and one drink per day for women and older people) causes few if any problems.
Determining Alcohol Abuse
To help determine if you or someone you care for is abusing alcohol, the following questions can help.
Have you thought you should cut down on your drinking?
Have others criticized your drinking?
Have you ever felt wrong or guilty about your drinking?
Have you ever had a drink first thing in the morning to get rid of a hangover or to steady your nerves?
Alcohol abuse may be a problem if the answer to any of these questions is: "yes." For more than one "yes answer" an alcohol abuse problem is still more highly likely and help should be sought. For those who suffer from alcohol abuse or alcohol dependency, alcohol treatment programs can help.
Alcohol Abuse Help
Alcohol abuse help sometimes comes in the form of intervention for an alcoholic who is resistant to entering an alcohol treatment program. Stepping Stone is one of the most comprehensive alcohol treatment programs in the nation. With our ability to provide patients with a medically based alcohol detoxification program, coupled with effective dual diagnosis and alcohol rehab services, Stepping Stone has been nationally recognized as a premier provider of alcoholism treatment, drug rehab and dual diagnosis treatment services.
For additional information on alcohol abuse help and treatment programs at our alcohol rehab, please call us toll free at 1-800-237-3150 and we will be happy to assist you.
http://www.steppingstonecenter.org/alcohol-abuse.html
Determining Alcohol Abuse
To help determine if you or someone you care for is abusing alcohol, the following questions can help.
Have you thought you should cut down on your drinking?
Have others criticized your drinking?
Have you ever felt wrong or guilty about your drinking?
Have you ever had a drink first thing in the morning to get rid of a hangover or to steady your nerves?
Alcohol abuse may be a problem if the answer to any of these questions is: "yes." For more than one "yes answer" an alcohol abuse problem is still more highly likely and help should be sought. For those who suffer from alcohol abuse or alcohol dependency, alcohol treatment programs can help.
Alcohol Abuse Help
Alcohol abuse help sometimes comes in the form of intervention for an alcoholic who is resistant to entering an alcohol treatment program. Stepping Stone is one of the most comprehensive alcohol treatment programs in the nation. With our ability to provide patients with a medically based alcohol detoxification program, coupled with effective dual diagnosis and alcohol rehab services, Stepping Stone has been nationally recognized as a premier provider of alcoholism treatment, drug rehab and dual diagnosis treatment services.
For additional information on alcohol abuse help and treatment programs at our alcohol rehab, please call us toll free at 1-800-237-3150 and we will be happy to assist you.
http://www.steppingstonecenter.org/alcohol-abuse.html
drug rehab - Drug Addiction Treatment
If you need addiction treatment, Stepping Stone Center for Recovery is here to help. We have received national recognition as a center of excellence. When it comes to drug addiction treatment, alcohol dependency or dual diagnosis treatments our state-of-the art facility can help you recover mind, body and soul. Our unique addiction treatment programs include:
Clinical programs focused on supporting each individual's needs
Various levels of clinical care
State-of-the-art medical, psychiatric, psychological and spiritual support
A thorough medical, psychological and psychiatric evaluation
Nursing and clinical assessment
The development of an effective, individualized addiction treatment plan designed to meet your individual requirements
Drug Addiction Treatment and the Medical Detox Program
The initial phase of our drug addiction treatment begins with a detox program that focuses on medical stabilization and patient assessment to determine their need for ongoing drug addiction treatment.
Drug Addiction Treatment and Drug Rehabilitation
Drug addiction treatment at Stepping Stone is designed to maintain the gains realized in detox, and develop the coping skills needed to maintain long term recovery.
Drug Addiction Treatment Licensing
Stepping Stone drug addiction treatment center, located in Jacksonville, Florida is an accredited rehab facility. The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organization has credentialed Stepping Stone as a JCAHO accredited drug addiction treatment facility. We are proud to be consistently recognized as one of the top residential drug addiction treatment facilities in the country. Call us anytime toll free at: 1-800-237-3150. Help is available 24 hours a day and all calls are confidential.
Specialty Addiction Treatment Program Components
We believe in supporting our patients every step of the way. That is why our addiction treatment programs include the following:
A treatment environment conducive to open discussion
An aftercare or relapse prevention plan created prior to discharge
Supportive alumni program
If you require addiction treatment help for drug or alcohol abuse, help is available. Call, toll free, 1-800-237-3150. Help is available 24 hours a day and all calls are confidential.
bursa kerja - OxyContin Addiction
OxyContin was designed as a very strong pain reliever, narcotic in nature, which acts as an opiate agonist. Oxycodone, which is released over time, acts on the opiod receptors on the brain and spinal cord. Because OxyContin was designed for pain relief, in cases of chronic pain, it is important to take the OxyContin as prescribed to avoid an overdose.
Oxycodone, the active ingredient in OxyContin is a central nervous system depressant. OxyContin in itself is a highly addictive narcotic. When taking the drug over a period of time, eventually a person will develop an OxyContin addiction. Addiction to Oxycontin can be described as the continual use of OxyContin, the development of a tolerance and physical dependency. In spite of negative consequences, the individual will continue with their OxyContin addiction.
Like heroin addiction or morphine addiction, OxyContin addiction can be treated and treated effectively. The key for OxyContin addiction treatment to be effective, the patient must enter treatment for OxyContin addiction.
Call Us Now for OxyContin addiction help. Call 1-800-237-3150 and someone will be there to assist you 24/7.
OxyContin Addiction and Recovery
After reading the information listed above it shouldn’t surprise anyone how difficult it is to recover from OxyContin addiction. Most people want their recovery to happen right away, so they can bypass all the struggles associated with Oxycontin addiction. Unfortunately, recovery does not happen that way, although it is easier for some.
In order for you to begin your recovery from Oxycontin addiction, you must locate a recovery center complete with a medical detox and quality treatment. Due to the addictive qualities of OxyContin, we urge you not to abruptly discontinue the use of this drug without medical supervision. Untreated withdrawal symptoms could result in seizure.
Oxycontin Addiction Treatment
The first step in your recovery from OxyContin addiction is medical detox, which should be in a residential treatment facility. While in medical detox the physician will prescribe certain medications to reduce or eliminate the withdrawal symptoms which result from discontinuing the use of OxyContin. It does not matter why you began taking the drug, withdrawal is the same. The nursing staff which should be on premises 24/7will monitor your symptoms and help decide the effectiveness of the detox protocol.
When you detox is complete, which generally takes between 3 and 7 days, it is time to move on to Oxycontin addiction treatment. It is here that you will learn to refain from mood and mind altering drugs. If you happen to be one of those individuals where yourdeveloped your OxyContin addiction as a result of chroic pain, we will help you find a solution to your problem. Don’t worry; you will not suffer during OxyContin addicton treatment at Stepping Stone Center for Recovery.
Get OxyContin addiction help by calling 1-800-237-3150 Now!
Stepping Stone Center for Recovery has been providing treatment for OxyContin addiction for almost ten years and provides OxyContin addiction treatment for individuals from every sate in the nation. With board certified physicians, trained by the American Society of Addiction Medicine, we have been ranked among the nation’s best treatment centers. We are proud of our accomplishments, as well as, the level of recovery our patents report.
OxyContin addiction help is here. Don’t Wait…Call Now! 1-800-237-3150
Oxycodone, the active ingredient in OxyContin is a central nervous system depressant. OxyContin in itself is a highly addictive narcotic. When taking the drug over a period of time, eventually a person will develop an OxyContin addiction. Addiction to Oxycontin can be described as the continual use of OxyContin, the development of a tolerance and physical dependency. In spite of negative consequences, the individual will continue with their OxyContin addiction.
Like heroin addiction or morphine addiction, OxyContin addiction can be treated and treated effectively. The key for OxyContin addiction treatment to be effective, the patient must enter treatment for OxyContin addiction.
Call Us Now for OxyContin addiction help. Call 1-800-237-3150 and someone will be there to assist you 24/7.
OxyContin Addiction and Recovery
After reading the information listed above it shouldn’t surprise anyone how difficult it is to recover from OxyContin addiction. Most people want their recovery to happen right away, so they can bypass all the struggles associated with Oxycontin addiction. Unfortunately, recovery does not happen that way, although it is easier for some.
In order for you to begin your recovery from Oxycontin addiction, you must locate a recovery center complete with a medical detox and quality treatment. Due to the addictive qualities of OxyContin, we urge you not to abruptly discontinue the use of this drug without medical supervision. Untreated withdrawal symptoms could result in seizure.
Oxycontin Addiction Treatment
The first step in your recovery from OxyContin addiction is medical detox, which should be in a residential treatment facility. While in medical detox the physician will prescribe certain medications to reduce or eliminate the withdrawal symptoms which result from discontinuing the use of OxyContin. It does not matter why you began taking the drug, withdrawal is the same. The nursing staff which should be on premises 24/7will monitor your symptoms and help decide the effectiveness of the detox protocol.
When you detox is complete, which generally takes between 3 and 7 days, it is time to move on to Oxycontin addiction treatment. It is here that you will learn to refain from mood and mind altering drugs. If you happen to be one of those individuals where yourdeveloped your OxyContin addiction as a result of chroic pain, we will help you find a solution to your problem. Don’t worry; you will not suffer during OxyContin addicton treatment at Stepping Stone Center for Recovery.
Get OxyContin addiction help by calling 1-800-237-3150 Now!
Stepping Stone Center for Recovery has been providing treatment for OxyContin addiction for almost ten years and provides OxyContin addiction treatment for individuals from every sate in the nation. With board certified physicians, trained by the American Society of Addiction Medicine, we have been ranked among the nation’s best treatment centers. We are proud of our accomplishments, as well as, the level of recovery our patents report.
OxyContin addiction help is here. Don’t Wait…Call Now! 1-800-237-3150
drug rehab - Cocaine Addiction
Cocaine Drug Addiction Facts
Cocaine is an extremely addictive stimulant that has been abused in the United States for over 100 years. Sadly, an untold number of Americans suffer from a cocaine addiction. The effects of this addiction upon society are tremendous (source: National Institute on Drug Abuse):
The National Institute on Drug Abuse estimated that cocaine addiction cost the United States $143 billion in just one year.
In 2002, over 26,000 Americans died from cocaine drug addiction or drug induced causes.
In 2006, 6 million Americans age 12 or up abused cocaine in some form.
Call 1-800-237-3150 toll free for more information on cocaine addiction. Our operators are waiting to take your confidential call 24 hours a day and seven days a week.
The Dangers of Cocaine Addiction
Cocaine addiction can cause a variety of health problems. Most serious of these, of course, is death. However, any type of cocaine use - from trying it one time to prolonged use - can cause serious health complications. Sadly, most people suffering from cocaine drug addiction fail to understand how dangerous the drug is. All they can think about is where they are going to get their next fix from.
Here are some of the dangers of cocaine addiction:
Heart attack
Respiratory failure
Stroke
Seizure
Bizarre or violent behavior
Sudden death
Cocaine drug addiction can also cause some very scary mental effects, as well. Consuming cocaine repeatedly in a short period (called "binging") can lead the user to lose touch with reality and enter a complete state of paranoid psychosis.
Getting Help for a Cocaine Addiction
Fortunately, people who suffer from cocaine addiction can get help. Stepping Stone's drug recovery program is one of the most respected and praised in the country. People from all over the nation come to Florida to rebuild their lives with help from Stepping Stone. Our drug addiction treatment center offers one of the most comprehensive and caring services in America. Among our offerings:
Medical detox program
Inpatient drug detox program
Family recovery program
Residential addiction treatment program
Partial hospitalization treatment program
Outpatient addiction treatment program
Aftercare
Recovery Apartments
We are committed to providing the absolute best drug addiction treatment and recovery care in the United States. That is why people from all over the country come to us to break their addiction and rebuild their lives.
Call 1-800-237-3150 for more information on cocaine addiction. All calls are confidential and our operators are available 24/7.
http://www.steppingstonecenter.org
Cocaine is an extremely addictive stimulant that has been abused in the United States for over 100 years. Sadly, an untold number of Americans suffer from a cocaine addiction. The effects of this addiction upon society are tremendous (source: National Institute on Drug Abuse):
The National Institute on Drug Abuse estimated that cocaine addiction cost the United States $143 billion in just one year.
In 2002, over 26,000 Americans died from cocaine drug addiction or drug induced causes.
In 2006, 6 million Americans age 12 or up abused cocaine in some form.
Call 1-800-237-3150 toll free for more information on cocaine addiction. Our operators are waiting to take your confidential call 24 hours a day and seven days a week.
The Dangers of Cocaine Addiction
Cocaine addiction can cause a variety of health problems. Most serious of these, of course, is death. However, any type of cocaine use - from trying it one time to prolonged use - can cause serious health complications. Sadly, most people suffering from cocaine drug addiction fail to understand how dangerous the drug is. All they can think about is where they are going to get their next fix from.
Here are some of the dangers of cocaine addiction:
Heart attack
Respiratory failure
Stroke
Seizure
Bizarre or violent behavior
Sudden death
Cocaine drug addiction can also cause some very scary mental effects, as well. Consuming cocaine repeatedly in a short period (called "binging") can lead the user to lose touch with reality and enter a complete state of paranoid psychosis.
Getting Help for a Cocaine Addiction
Fortunately, people who suffer from cocaine addiction can get help. Stepping Stone's drug recovery program is one of the most respected and praised in the country. People from all over the nation come to Florida to rebuild their lives with help from Stepping Stone. Our drug addiction treatment center offers one of the most comprehensive and caring services in America. Among our offerings:
Medical detox program
Inpatient drug detox program
Family recovery program
Residential addiction treatment program
Partial hospitalization treatment program
Outpatient addiction treatment program
Aftercare
Recovery Apartments
We are committed to providing the absolute best drug addiction treatment and recovery care in the United States. That is why people from all over the country come to us to break their addiction and rebuild their lives.
Call 1-800-237-3150 for more information on cocaine addiction. All calls are confidential and our operators are available 24/7.
http://www.steppingstonecenter.org
drug rehab - Heroin Addiction
The importance of Heroin Addiction Treatment
Heroin addiction occurs because heroin is a highly addictive drug. It is both physical and emotional, which means that heroin addiction treatment must address both aspects of the disease.
About Heroin Addiction
Heroin is derived from morphine, but actually comes from a variety of poppy plants. It is a white or brownish powder that can also be seen as a black, sticky substance known as "black tar heroin." The primary method of use, especially for those individuals suffering from heroin addiction, is injection. Other routes of use are snorting or smoking the drug. Heroin addiction can cause a number of serious problems, but none more serious than the transmission of HIV or Hepatitis C. These illnesses are spread by the sharing of syringes or bodily fluids.
Heroin addiction can be defined as the excessive and uncontrolled use of heroin, which results in a number of negative consequences. Individuals suffering from heroin addiction develop a tolerance to the drug and will experience withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued.
The Effects of Heroin Addiction
There are both short-term and long-term effects of heroin addiction, but the most dangerous is overdose and death. Heroin has a dramatic effect on the central nervous and respiratory systems.
In addition, it is almost certain that those who have developed a heroin addiction will experience a physical dependency and a tolerance to the drug. In an effort to avoid withdrawal, those suffering from heroin addiction will do almost anything to access additional heroin. The most intense withdrawal symptoms occur around the 24-hour mark, but initial symptoms begin much sooner than that.
Those individuals who are taking heroin through injection are in danger of collapsed veins, boils, infections and abscesses. Those snorting heroin are in danger of developing pneumonia, respiratory difficulties, and heart and lung disease.
Heroin Addiction Treatment
There heroin addiction treatment, and the treatment works. The most effective heroin addiction treatment is found in an inpatient treatment facility Don't wait any longer; get heroin addiction treatment help now!
Get help for your heroin addiction by calling us toll-free at 1-800-237-3150 any time, day or night! All calls are confidential.
Heroin addiction occurs because heroin is a highly addictive drug. It is both physical and emotional, which means that heroin addiction treatment must address both aspects of the disease.
About Heroin Addiction
Heroin is derived from morphine, but actually comes from a variety of poppy plants. It is a white or brownish powder that can also be seen as a black, sticky substance known as "black tar heroin." The primary method of use, especially for those individuals suffering from heroin addiction, is injection. Other routes of use are snorting or smoking the drug. Heroin addiction can cause a number of serious problems, but none more serious than the transmission of HIV or Hepatitis C. These illnesses are spread by the sharing of syringes or bodily fluids.
Heroin addiction can be defined as the excessive and uncontrolled use of heroin, which results in a number of negative consequences. Individuals suffering from heroin addiction develop a tolerance to the drug and will experience withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued.
The Effects of Heroin Addiction
There are both short-term and long-term effects of heroin addiction, but the most dangerous is overdose and death. Heroin has a dramatic effect on the central nervous and respiratory systems.
In addition, it is almost certain that those who have developed a heroin addiction will experience a physical dependency and a tolerance to the drug. In an effort to avoid withdrawal, those suffering from heroin addiction will do almost anything to access additional heroin. The most intense withdrawal symptoms occur around the 24-hour mark, but initial symptoms begin much sooner than that.
Those individuals who are taking heroin through injection are in danger of collapsed veins, boils, infections and abscesses. Those snorting heroin are in danger of developing pneumonia, respiratory difficulties, and heart and lung disease.
Heroin Addiction Treatment
There heroin addiction treatment, and the treatment works. The most effective heroin addiction treatment is found in an inpatient treatment facility Don't wait any longer; get heroin addiction treatment help now!
Get help for your heroin addiction by calling us toll-free at 1-800-237-3150 any time, day or night! All calls are confidential.
Rehabilitation Program
The rehabilitation program is focused on the preservation of highway infrastructure and the performance of the highway system. The management of the rehabilitation program is directed at maximizing infrastructure performance, minimizing cost, and maximizing budgets. The success of the program is founded on sound infrastructure engineering practices, to deliver a cost effective program that is fully integrated with the Ministry's highway maintenance and capital construction programs.
The Rehabilitation Group is responsible for managing the information about the condition of the highway system infrastructure, to make better use of it, reducing the demand for new facilities. The group undertakes a range of activities to recommend strategic investment decisions to ensure the highest priority infrastructure projects are undertaken. The group is also responsible for developing and implementing methodologies that support decision making, providing services that include data collection, quality audits and assurance, generating policies and procedures, and providing technical expertise assessment and analysis.
The Rehabilitation Group then provides technical guidelines on asset management for the planning and programming of the Rehabilitation Programs (Road and Bridge resurfacing, Bridge Replacement and Rehabilitation, Safety Programs, and Seismic Retrofitting) projects. In addition, the Rehabilitation Group is responsible for the month to month monitoring of the delivery of the Rehabilitation, Oil and Gas Industry roads rehabilitation, Heartlands, and Mountan Pine Beetle Programs projects.
The Rehabilitation Group is responsible for managing the information about the condition of the highway system infrastructure, to make better use of it, reducing the demand for new facilities. The group undertakes a range of activities to recommend strategic investment decisions to ensure the highest priority infrastructure projects are undertaken. The group is also responsible for developing and implementing methodologies that support decision making, providing services that include data collection, quality audits and assurance, generating policies and procedures, and providing technical expertise assessment and analysis.
The Rehabilitation Group then provides technical guidelines on asset management for the planning and programming of the Rehabilitation Programs (Road and Bridge resurfacing, Bridge Replacement and Rehabilitation, Safety Programs, and Seismic Retrofitting) projects. In addition, the Rehabilitation Group is responsible for the month to month monitoring of the delivery of the Rehabilitation, Oil and Gas Industry roads rehabilitation, Heartlands, and Mountan Pine Beetle Programs projects.
Rabu, 12 Agustus 2009
Behavioral Interventions
Many behavioral treatments have been found to be effective for cocaine addiction, including both residential and outpatient approaches. Indeed, behavioral therapies are often the only available, effective treatment approaches to many drug problems, including cocaine addiction, for which there is, as yet, no viable medication. However, integration of both types of treatments is ultimately the most effective approach for treating addiction. It is important to match the best treatment regimen to the needs of the patient. This may include adding to or removing from an individual's treatment regimen a number of different components or elements. For example, if an individual is prone to relapses, a relapse component should be added to the program. A behavioral therapy component that is showing positive results in many cocaine-addicted populations, is contingency management. Contingency management uses a voucher-based system to give positive rewards for staying in treatment and remaining cocaine free. Based on drug-free urine tests, the patients earn points, which can be exchanged for items that encourage healthy living, such as joining a gym, or going to a movie and dinner. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is another approach. Cognitive-behavioral coping skills treatment, for example, is a short-term, focused approach to helping cocaine-addicted individuals become abstinent from cocaine and other substances. The underlying assumption is that learning processes play an important role in the development and continuation of cocaine abuse and dependence. The same learning processes can be employed to help individuals reduce drug use. This approach attempts to help patients to recognize, avoid, and cope; i.e., recognize the situations in which they are most likely to use cocaine, avoid these situations when appropriate, and cope more effectively with a range of problems and problematic behaviors associated with drug abuse. This therapy is also noteworthy because of its compatibility with a range of other treatments patients may receive, such as pharmacotherapy.
Therapeutic communities, or residential programs with planned lengths of stay of 6 to 12 months, offer another alternative to those in need of treatment for cocaine addiction. Therapeutic communities are often comprehensive, in that they focus on the resocialization of the individual to society, and can include on-site vocational rehabilitation and other supportive services. Therapeutic communities typically are used to treat patients with more severe problems, such as co-occurring mental health problems and criminal involvement.
Therapeutic communities, or residential programs with planned lengths of stay of 6 to 12 months, offer another alternative to those in need of treatment for cocaine addiction. Therapeutic communities are often comprehensive, in that they focus on the resocialization of the individual to society, and can include on-site vocational rehabilitation and other supportive services. Therapeutic communities typically are used to treat patients with more severe problems, such as co-occurring mental health problems and criminal involvement.
Pharmacological Approaches
There are no medications currently available to treat cocaine addiction specifically. Consequently, NIDA is aggressively pursuing the identification and testing of new cocaine treatment medications. Several newly emerging compounds are being investigated to assess their safety and efficacy in treating cocaine addiction. For example, one of the most promising anti-cocaine drug medications to date, selegeline, is being taken into multi-site phase III clinical trials in 1999. These trials will evaluate two innovative routes of selegeline administration: a transdermal patch and a time-released pill, to determine which is most beneficial.Cocaine Addiction Treatment manual covers Disulfiram, a medication that has been used to treat alcoholism, has also been shown, in clinical studies, to be effective in reducing cocaine abuse. Because of mood changes experienced during the early stages of cocaine abstinence, antidepressant drugs have been shown to be of some benefit. In addition to the problems of treating addiction, cocaine overdose results in many deaths every year, and medical treatments are being developed to deal with the acute emergencies resulting from excessive cocaine abuse.
What is the effect of maternal cocaine use?
The full extent of the effects of prenatal drug exposure on a child is not completely known, but many scientific studies have documented that babies born to mothers who abuse cocaine during pregnancy are often prematurely delivered, have low birth weights and smaller head circumferences, and are often shorter in length.
Estimating the full extent of the consequences of maternal drug abuse is difficult, and determining the specific hazard of a particular drug to the unborn child is even more problematic, given that, typically, more than one substance is abused. Such factors as the amount and number of all drugs abused; inadequate prenatal care; abuse and neglect of the children, due to the mother's lifestyle; socio-economic status; poor maternal nutrition; other health problems; and exposure to sexually transmitted diseases, are just some examples of the difficulty in determining the direct impact of perinatal cocaine use, for example, on maternal and fetal outcome.
Many may recall that "crack babies," or babies born to mothers who used cocaine while pregnant, were written off by many a decade ago as a lost generation. They were predicted to suffer from severe, irreversible damage, including reduced intelligence and social skills. It was later found that this was a gross exaggeration. Most crack-exposed babies appear to recover quite well. However, the fact that most of these children appear normal should not be over-interpreted as a positive sign. Using sophisticated technologies, scientists are now finding that exposure to cocaine during fetal development may lead to subtle, but significant, deficits later, especially with behaviors that are crucial to success in the classroom, such as blocking out distractions and concentrating for long periods of time.
http://www.drug-rehabs.com/cocaine-effects.htm
Estimating the full extent of the consequences of maternal drug abuse is difficult, and determining the specific hazard of a particular drug to the unborn child is even more problematic, given that, typically, more than one substance is abused. Such factors as the amount and number of all drugs abused; inadequate prenatal care; abuse and neglect of the children, due to the mother's lifestyle; socio-economic status; poor maternal nutrition; other health problems; and exposure to sexually transmitted diseases, are just some examples of the difficulty in determining the direct impact of perinatal cocaine use, for example, on maternal and fetal outcome.
Many may recall that "crack babies," or babies born to mothers who used cocaine while pregnant, were written off by many a decade ago as a lost generation. They were predicted to suffer from severe, irreversible damage, including reduced intelligence and social skills. It was later found that this was a gross exaggeration. Most crack-exposed babies appear to recover quite well. However, the fact that most of these children appear normal should not be over-interpreted as a positive sign. Using sophisticated technologies, scientists are now finding that exposure to cocaine during fetal development may lead to subtle, but significant, deficits later, especially with behaviors that are crucial to success in the classroom, such as blocking out distractions and concentrating for long periods of time.
http://www.drug-rehabs.com/cocaine-effects.htm
Are cocaine abusers at risk for contracting HIV/AIDS and hepatitis B and C?
Yes. Cocaine abusers, especially those who inject, are at increased risk for contracting such infectious diseases as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV/AIDS) and hepatitis. In fact, use and abuse of illicit drugs, including crack cocaine, have become the leading risk factors for new cases of HIV. Drug abuse-related spread of HIV can result from direct transmission of the virus through the sharing of contaminated needles and paraphernalia between injecting drug users. It can also result from indirect transmission, such as an HIV-infected mother transmitting the virus perinatally to her child. This is particularly alarming, given that more than 60 percent of new AIDS cases are women. Research has also shown that drug use can interfere with judgement about risk-taking behavior, and can potentially lead to reduced precautions about having sex, the sharing of needles and injection paraphernalia, and the trading of sex for drugs, by both men and women.
Additionally, hepatitis C is spreading rapidly among injection drug users; current estimates indicate infection rates of 65 to 90 percent in this population. At present, there is no vaccine for the hepatitis C virus, and the only treatment is expensive, often unsuccessful, and may have serious side effects.
Additionally, hepatitis C is spreading rapidly among injection drug users; current estimates indicate infection rates of 65 to 90 percent in this population. At present, there is no vaccine for the hepatitis C virus, and the only treatment is expensive, often unsuccessful, and may have serious side effects.
What are the medical complications of cocaine abuse?
There are enormous medical complications associated with cocaine use. Some of the most frequent complications are cardiovascular effects, including disturbances in heart rhythm and heart attacks; such respiratory effects as chest pain and respiratory failure; neurological effects, including strokes, seizure, and headaches; and gastrointestinal complications, including abdominal pain and nausea.
Cocaine use has been linked to many types of heart disease. Cocaine has been found to trigger chaotic heart rhythms, called ventricular fibrillation; accelerate heartbeat and breathing; and increase blood pressure and body temperature. Physical symptoms may include chest pain, nausea, blurred vision, fever, muscle spasms, convulsions and coma.
Different routes of cocaine administration can produce different adverse effects. Regularly snorting cocaine, for example, can lead to loss of sense of smell, nosebleeds, problems with swallowing, hoarseness, and an overall irritation of the nasal septum, which can lead to a chronically inflamed, runny nose. Ingested cocaine can cause severe bowel gangrene, due to reduced blood flow. And, persons who inject cocaine have puncture marks and "tracks," most commonly in their forearms. Intravenous cocaine users may also experience an allergic reaction, either to the drug, or to some additive in street cocaine, which can result, in severe cases, in death. Because cocaine has a tendency to decrease food intake, many chronic cocaine users lose their appetites and can experience significant weight loss and malnourishment.
Research has revealed a potentially dangerous interaction between cocaine and alcohol. Taken in combination, the two drugs are converted by the body to cocaethylene. Cocaethylene has a longer duration of action in the brain and is more toxic than either drug alone. While more research needs to be done, it is noteworthy that the mixture of cocaine and alcohol is the most common two-drug combination that results in drug-related death.
Cocaine use has been linked to many types of heart disease. Cocaine has been found to trigger chaotic heart rhythms, called ventricular fibrillation; accelerate heartbeat and breathing; and increase blood pressure and body temperature. Physical symptoms may include chest pain, nausea, blurred vision, fever, muscle spasms, convulsions and coma.
Different routes of cocaine administration can produce different adverse effects. Regularly snorting cocaine, for example, can lead to loss of sense of smell, nosebleeds, problems with swallowing, hoarseness, and an overall irritation of the nasal septum, which can lead to a chronically inflamed, runny nose. Ingested cocaine can cause severe bowel gangrene, due to reduced blood flow. And, persons who inject cocaine have puncture marks and "tracks," most commonly in their forearms. Intravenous cocaine users may also experience an allergic reaction, either to the drug, or to some additive in street cocaine, which can result, in severe cases, in death. Because cocaine has a tendency to decrease food intake, many chronic cocaine users lose their appetites and can experience significant weight loss and malnourishment.
Research has revealed a potentially dangerous interaction between cocaine and alcohol. Taken in combination, the two drugs are converted by the body to cocaethylene. Cocaethylene has a longer duration of action in the brain and is more toxic than either drug alone. While more research needs to be done, it is noteworthy that the mixture of cocaine and alcohol is the most common two-drug combination that results in drug-related death.
Cocaine is a powerfully addictive drug
Cocaine is a powerfully addictive drug. Once having tried cocaine, an individual may have difficulty predicting or controlling the extent to which he or she will continue to use the drug. Cocaine's stimulant and addictive effects are thought to be primarily a result of its ability to inhibit the reabsorption of dopamine by nerve cells. Dopamine is released as part of the brain's reward system, and is either directly or indirectly involved in the addictive properties of every major drug of abuse.
An appreciable tolerance to cocaine's high may develop, with many addicts reporting that they seek but fail to achieve as much pleasure as they did from their first experience. Some users will frequently increase their doses to intensify and prolong the euphoric effects. While tolerance to the high can occur, users can also become more sensitive (sensitization) to cocaine's anesthetic and convulsant effects, without incre?g the dose taken. This increased sensitivity may explain some deaths occurring after apparently low doses of cocaine.
Use of cocaine in a binge, during which the drug is taken repeatedly and at increasingly high doses, leads to a state of increasing irritability, restlessness, and paranoia. This may result in a full-blown paranoid psychosis, in which the individual loses touch with reality and experiences auditory hallucinations.
An appreciable tolerance to cocaine's high may develop, with many addicts reporting that they seek but fail to achieve as much pleasure as they did from their first experience. Some users will frequently increase their doses to intensify and prolong the euphoric effects. While tolerance to the high can occur, users can also become more sensitive (sensitization) to cocaine's anesthetic and convulsant effects, without incre?g the dose taken. This increased sensitivity may explain some deaths occurring after apparently low doses of cocaine.
Use of cocaine in a binge, during which the drug is taken repeatedly and at increasingly high doses, leads to a state of increasing irritability, restlessness, and paranoia. This may result in a full-blown paranoid psychosis, in which the individual loses touch with reality and experiences auditory hallucinations.
effect coccaine
Cocaine's effects appear almost immediately after a single dose, and disappear within a few minutes or hours. Taken in small amounts (up to 100 mg), cocaine usually makes the user feel euphoric, energetic, talkative, and mentally alert, especially to the sensations of sight, sound, and touch. It can also temporarily decrease the need for food and sleep. Some users find that the drug helps them to perform simple physical and intellectual tasks more quickly, while others can experience the opposite effect.
The duration of cocaine's immediate euphoric effects depends upon the route of administration. The faster the absorption, the more intense the high. Also, the faster the absorption, the shorter the duration of action. The high from snorting is relatively slow in onset, and may last 15 to 30 minutes, while that from smoking may last 5 to 10 minutes.
The short-term physiological effects of cocaine include constricted blood vessels; dilated pupils; and increased temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure. Large amounts (several hundred milligrams or more) intensify the user's high, but may also lead to bizarre, erratic, and violent behavior. These users may experience tremors, vertigo, muscle twitches, paranoia, or, with repeated doses, a toxic reaction closely resembling amphetamine poisoning. Some users of cocaine report feelings of restlessness, irritability, and anxiety. In rare instances, sudden death can occur on the first use of cocaine or unexpectedly thereafter. Cocaine-related deaths are often a result of cardiac arrest or seizures followed by respiratory arrest.
rehab today
Drug Rehab
In today’s society the pressures of trying to keep one’s head above water and pay the bills has resulted in more and more of us turning to alcohol and drugs as a means of escape. Unfortunately for many, this then becomes a habit; which can then turn into a very real and very dangerous addiction, which can in turn result in a host of problems; from losing one’s job to hurting our friends and family. Drug rehabilitation is something that most addicts will not admit that they need, and so it can often be up to loved ones to make take the first step. Watching someone you really love slowly deteriorate into someone you can no longer recognize is a painful experience, especially when the person you love is not aware of their change. With drug abuse rehab you have a genuine solution to overcoming their addiction. At the Perry Clayman Project, which can be viewed at www.rehabtoday.com, a host of short term and long term treatments are available either here in the UK or out in sunny Spain, where beautiful surrounds will make the process of drug rehabilitation run that bit more smoothly. Whether the addiction is related to alcohol abuse, marijuana, heroin, crack, cocaine, or even gambling, there are individually catered drug rehab programs that last from two to 24 weeks, with aftercare service included, and which have no waiting lists.
Drug Rehabilitation
With so many people turning to drugs, alcohol and gambling as a means to escape from the daily grind of reality, it is sometimes almost impossible to spot when even our nearest and dearest have moved from being occasionally interested in a drink or a smoke, to being an addict. That’s why private drug rehab clinics are trying to reach out to family members to help them save their loved ones from ruining their lives and the lives of the people closest to them. With the level of care that is available at drug rehabilitation centres across the country not always at such a high standard, it’s important to make the right choice of rehabilitation. At the Perry Clayman Project a range of different treatments, varying from just a couple of weeks to almost half a year, are offered for a range of addictions, including heroin, crack and cocaine abuse, gambling addiction and alcohol dependency. They have centres here in the UK and in Spain, both of which follow a twelve step structure over four stages of treatment. You will find at both locations an established residential centre where patients will be offered a genuine chance at rebuilding their lives and have the opportunity to look forward to a future free of any addictions. Drug addiction rehab is not an easy process but it will ultimately improve and in some cases actually saves lives.
Drug and Alcohol Rehab
For anyone with a serious drug, alcohol or gambling addiction seeking help to overcome their problem or for anyone with someone close to them with similar ailments then there are drug rehab clinics that have the necessary means to help solve and conquer your addiction both here in the UK and abroad. The Perry Clayman Project has set up to treat alcohol and drug misuse by incorporating a range of modern day treatments into a twelve step program. The periods of drug rehabilitation vary depending on your time constraints, with two week intensive drug and alcohol rehabilitation programs designed for people who have work and family priorities and cannot afford the time for the longer 12 or 24 weeks programs. With a specialist team of counselors, medical staff and nurses on hand round the clock, and with some excellent facilities, everything is in place to ensure that patients are given the best level of care available in an environment that will help them improve in a speedy yet sustained way. Whether it be alcohol or drug addiction rehabilitation the methods used are similar and have the same end goal of making sure that patients leave with a positive outlook on their lives clean of their addiction that invariably would destroy their lives and the lives of others close to them. Drug rehabilitation can work for addictions to crack, heroin and marijuana, and programs are tailored as such.
Living with an Addict
It can often be very hard to admit to yourself that your partner, son, or other close relation has stepped over the line from being a habitual consumer of alcohol or drugs to becoming an addict. With the consumption of alcohol being such an ordinary part of people’s lives and with designer and other hard drugs being so readily available, the levels of addiction amongst people from every walk of life has risen to an unprecedented stage. Drug alcohol rehab has now become an important tool in not only curing addictions, but can also help with the first step in confronting those with addictions that they must go and seek some form of drug rehabilitation. The Perry Clayman Project has wide ranging programs to treat a host of addictions, details of which can be viewed at www.rehabtoday.com. The drug rehab can be undertaken either in the UK or in the beautiful surrounds of the Spanish countryside. With a dedicated team of professional counsellors, GP’s and nurses; patients at either clinic will receive excellent drug abuse rehabilitation and will almost certainly leave with a clean bill of health, and be able to look to a future without a dependency on drugs or alcohol. Drug rehab UK is often considered as being the best in the world with many worthwhile clinics being used by people from across the globe, and the quality of drug rehabilitation on offer is second to none.
Spotting the Signs of Drug and Alcohol Abuse
When we are close to someone, and have spent a long period of our life caring for and loving someone, it can often be difficult to spot when that person has changed as a result of an addiction. The effects are often brought on gradually, making it difficult for those closest to the person suffering with an addiction to realize they have a problem and are in need of help. Drug rehabilitation is not something that should be considered a way of making a bad person good again, rather as a means to make sick people fell better again. There is no shame in admitting that you or your partner need help, and once this difficult step has been taken, then by following the advice of drug alcohol rehabilitation experts you can expect to be on the road to recovery in a very short period of time. Drug rehab centres like the one at the Perry Clayman Project have step by step programs that can be completed over different periods of time depending on your availability and your addiction. The finer details of the treatments of drug rehabilitation online can be seen at www.rehabtoday.com where you will find that treatments include helping to overcome crack, cocaine, marijuana, heroin and alcohol abuse, and also gambling. Make no mistake that treating these addictions with drug rehabilitation is the only way to stop people from destroying their lives.
Related Sites:
Drug Abuse and Addiction
Drunk Driving Facts
Senin, 03 Agustus 2009
Length of Detoxification
Length of Detoxification
Because detoxification often entails a more intensive level of care than other types of AOD treatment, there is a practical value in defining a period during which a person is "in detoxification." There is no simple way to do this. Usually, the detoxification period is defined as the period during which the patient receives detoxification medications.
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Third-party payers often manage payment for AOD detoxification services separately from other phases of drug treatment, as though detoxification occurs in isolation from drug treatment. In clinical practice, this separation cannot exist. Detoxification is one component of a comprehensive treatment strategy.
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Another way of defining the detoxification period is by measuring the duration of withdrawal signs or symptoms. However, the duration of these symptoms may be difficult to determine in a correctly medicated patient because symptoms of withdrawal are largely suppressed by the medication. Chapter 3 describes the typical lengths of regimens for withdrawal.
The Role of Detoxification in AOD Abuse Treatment
For many AOD-dependent patients, detoxification is the beginning phase of treatment. It can entail more than a period of physical readjustment. It can also be a time when patients begin to make the psychological readjustments necessary for ongoing treatment. Offering detoxification alone, without followup to an appropriate level of care, is an inadequate use of limited resources. People who have severe problems that predate their AOD dependence or addiction -- such as family disintegration, lack of job skills, illiteracy, or psychiatric disorders -- may continue to have these problems after detoxification unless specific services are available to help them deal with these factors (Gerstein and Harwood, 1990).
Immediate Goals of Detoxification
To provide a safe withdrawal from the drug(s) of dependence and enable the patient to become drug free. Many risks are associated with withdrawal, some influenced by the setting. For persons who are severely dependent on alcohol, abrupt, unsupervised cessation of drinking may result in delirium tremens or death. Other sedative-hypnotics may produce life-threatening withdrawal syndromes. Withdrawal from opioids produces severe discomfort, but is not generally life threatening. However, risks to the patient and society are not limited to the severity of the patient's physical disturbance, particularly when the detoxification is conducted in an outpatient setting. Outpatients experiencing withdrawal symptoms may self-medicate with street drugs. The resulting interaction between prescribed medication and street drugs may result in an overdose. Less severe side effects include sedation or a drop in blood pressure.
To provide withdrawal that is humane and protects the patient's dignity. A caring staff, a supportive environment, sensitivity to cultural issues, confidentiality, and the selection of appropriate detoxification medication (if needed) are all important to providing humane withdrawal.
To prepare the patient for ongoing treatment of his or her AOD dependence. During detoxification, patients may form therapeutic relationships with treatment staff or other patients, and may become aware of alternatives to an AOD-abusing lifestyle. Detoxification is an opportunity to offer patients information and to motivate them for longer term treatment.
Repeated Detoxification
Alling discussed detoxification and treatment in a text published in 1992:
Those not familiar with the chronic nature of addictive disorders often characterize detoxification programs as 'revolving doors' through which patients come and go in an endless cycle, and which have little or no impact on the recovery process. Although it is true that many people undergo detoxification more than once -- and some do so many times -- the assumption that little or no progress has been made is often false. (Alling, 1992)
Alling(1992) described a pattern in individuals who return for several detoxification episodes, observing that young people with a history of AOD dependence of short duration (a year or less) "often are unrealistically optimistic about being able to remain drug free following detoxification." When recently AOD-dependent persons return after several months for repeat detoxification, it is usually with a more realistic expectation about what is needed to remain free from AODs. Individuals who subsequently relapse and return for detoxification a third time may have an even clearer understanding of what is required to sustain recovery (Alling, 1992).
During certain expected and predictable phases of recovery, addicted persons are at increased risk of relapse. However, relapse can occur at any point in recovery. Thus, relapse prevention is a legitimate area for patient education, and the relapsed patient is appropriate for clinical treatment. Treatment services designed precisely for this stage of the disease may facilitate the individual's return to abstinence.
Issues in Postdetoxification Treatment
Few addicted persons enter detoxification or seek further treatment with the idea of maintaining lifelong abstinence. They may still believe they can control their abuse of AODs. Some persons enter detoxification and other treatment to satisfy the demands of their families, employers, or the courts. They may be motivated to seek treatment because attempts to relieve pressure through other means have proved futile. Clinicians should consider patient motivation when deciding upon appropriate treatment placement.
Families suffer severe consequences from the AOD abuse of their loved ones. The consequences may include obvious problems such as lost income, domestic violence, or divorce. Less obvious consequences may also occur, such as issues concerning trust and children's mirroring maladaptive ways to deal with problems encountered in everyday living. Addiction is a family disease because of the seriousness of its effects on family members and family functioning. Just as the person who abuses AODs needs support, education, and counseling, so too does the family. It is appropriate and important for treatment providers to engage the family in treatment as early as possible, even while the individual is undergoing detoxification.
Effects of AOD Exposure and Withdrawal
Tolerance and Physical Dependence
Continued exposure to AODs induces adaptive changes in an individual's brain cells and neural functioning. The changes vary depending on the drug of abuse and are not completely understood. The term "neuroadaptation" is often used to refer to these changes. One result of neuroadaptation is drug tolerance; that is, increasing the amounts of the drug that are required to produce the same effect. A second consequence of neuroadaptation is physical dependence; the brain cells require the drug in order to function.
Drug Withdrawal
Sudden removal of alcohol or another drug of abuse from the system of a person who is physically dependent produces either an abstinence or withdrawal syndrome. The abstinence syndrome for each drug follows a predictable time course and has predictable signs and symptoms. Signs are defined by Webster's Medical Dictionary as "objective evidence of disease especially as observed and interpreted by the physician rather than by the patient or lay observer." Symptoms are defined in the same text as "subjective evidence of disease or physical disturbance observed by the patient."
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There are three immediate goals of detoxification:
To provide a safe withdrawal from the drug(s) of dependence and enable the patient to become drug free
To provide withdrawal that is humane and protects the patient's dignity
To prepare the patient for ongoing treatment of his or her AOD dependence
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The signs and symptoms of drug withdrawal are usually the reverse of the direct pharmacological effects of the drug. Heroin use commonly produces elevation of mood (euphoria), a decrease in anxiety, insensitivity to pain (analgesia), and a decrease in the activity of the large intestine, often causing constipation. Heroin withdrawal, on the other hand, produces an unpleasant mood (dysphoria), pain, anxiety, and overactivity of the large intestine, often resulting in diarrhea. Alcohol usually reduces anxiety and causes sedation; large quantities may produce sleep, coma, or even death by respiratory depression. In a person who is physically dependent, cessation of alcohol use produces anxiety, insomnia, hallucinations, and seizures.
For short-acting drugs such as alcohol and heroin, the most severe signs and symptoms of withdrawal usually begin within hours of the individual's last use. With a long-acting drug or medication, such as diazepam (Valium), withdrawal symptoms may not begin for several days and usually reach peak intensity after 5 to 10 days. The most severe drug-withdrawal symptoms, during the initial stages of detoxification, constitute the acute abstinence syndrome. The adjective "acute" distinguishes the syndrome from a "chronic" or protracted abstinence syndrome, in which signs and symptoms of withdrawal may continue for weeks to months after cessation of use (Martin and Jasinski, 1969).
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The signs and symptoms of drug withdrawal are usually the reverse of the direct pharmacological effects of the drug.
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Protracted abstinence syndrome is the subject of considerable controversy. Providers often find it difficult to distinguish symptoms caused by drug withdrawal from those caused by a patient's underlying mental disorder, if one is present. The signs and symptoms of protracted withdrawal are not as predictable as those of acute withdrawal. Some patients may be predisposed to a protracted withdrawal. Acute withdrawal syndromes produce measurable signs that researchers can study in animals under controlled laboratory conditions; protracted withdrawal in patients, by contrast, is often confined to distress symptoms that cannot be studied in animals.
Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
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